Question 56-60 The notion of future L2 selves has emerged over the last decade as the dominant motivational
perspective within the field of second language acquisition since the introduction of Dörnyei’s (2005,
2009) L2 motivational self-system (L2MSS). Future L2 selves represent the kind of L2 user that a learner
wants to be in future. These future L2 selves act as desirable end-states that motivate learners to invest in
learning a language. The desire to reduce the discrepancy between one’s actual L2 self, representing their
current level of L2 abilities, and their desired future self, creates feelings of discomfort that motivate the
learner to work hard and approach their future L2 self. Two general types of future L2 selves have been
proposed in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). These include ideal L2 selves and ought L2
selves. Ideal L2 selves represent the ideal image of the kind of L2 user one (or their significant others)
wants to be in future (e.g., a fluent speaker of the target language) and ought L2 selves represent the kind
of L2 user that a learner believes they have to be in order to meet their obligations and responsibilities and
avoid negative consequences (e.g., failing in school or losing one’s job).
In another study, Papi et al. (2019) re-operationalized and tested a 2 × 2 model of L2 selves using
data collected from 257 international students learning English as a second language (ESL) in the United
States. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the existence of four future L2 selves from
two regulatory dimensions (ideal vs. ought) and two standpoints (own vs. others). In other words, the
confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the model with four future selves: Ideal
L2 self/own representing a learner’s own hopes and aspirations for language learning; ideal L2 self/other
representing a learner’s significant others’ (e.g., parents) hopes and aspiration for him or her in relation to
learning the L2; ought L2 self/own representing a learner’s self-selected obligations and requirements in
terms of language learning; and finally, ought L2 self/other representing the L2 learning obligations that a
learner believes his or her significant others’ impose on him or her. In addition, and contrary to the results
of previous studies, multiple regression analyses revealed that ought L2 self/own was the strongest
predictor of students’ motivated behavior among the four types of L2 selves in the ESL context of the
United States. Moreover, whereas ideal L2 self/own led to an eager strategic inclination for maximal L2
use, ought L2 self/own led to a vigilant strategic inclination for minimal L2 use. The authors argued that
the ideal vs. ought future selves not only lead to qualitatively different motivated behaviors but also to
different emotional responses during the learning pursuit, connections that have also been confirmed in
two other studies using the same model (from Tahmouresi & Papi, 2021).
【題組】60. Which of the following statements is not true?
(A) Motivation to learn a language comes from the desire to bridge the gap between learners’
current and desired future L2 selves.
(B) While an ideal L2 self demotivates L2 use, an ought L2 self motivates learners to use more
L2.
(C) Ideal and ought future selves result in distinct motivated behaviors and emotional reactions
during learning.
(D) Ideal L2 self represents the envisioned future image of oneself or others as proficient L2
users that one strives to achieve.