所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆免疫學
1.Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes_________(A) are stimulated; develop and mature(B) encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis(C) undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (D) develop and mature; become activated aup (E) die; are phagocytosed after death
2. Herd immunity is best described as:(A) Vaccination of livestock berds (B) Protection of vaccinated individuals(C) Vaccinating the contacts of an infected person (D) Using multiple vaccines at one time (E) Protecting individuals who have not been vaccinated
3.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?(A) Vasodilation(B) Increased vascular permeability and edema (C) Inactivation of macrophages(D) Influx of leukocytes(E) Pain
4. Pattern recognition receptors_______. (A) are expressed on the surface of pathogens (B) do not have specificity (C) are used by macrophages and neutrophils to recognize pathogens (D) are antigen-specific (E) are only expressed on the surface of cells
5.Which one of the following statements regarding innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is correct?(A) They are innate cells and derived from common myeloid progenitors from the bone marrow. (B) They produce overlapping cytokines, as in CD4 and CD8 T cells.(C) They express T cell receptors and are a type of T cell.(D) ILC2 cells produce IFNy to eliminate extracellular bacteria and fungi. (E) ILCI cellss can produce IL-17 and IL-22 to recruit and activate neutrophils.
6. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?(A) Allergy and autoimmunity are caused by an abnormal immune response that is directed against appropriate antigens(B) Desensitization therapy can restore tolerance to the allergen by reducing its tendency to induce IgE production. (C) Anaphylactic shock is caused by systemic activation of mast cells in the bloodstream. (D) Celiac disease is a chronic condition of the small intestine caused by an immune response directed at the food protein gluten.(E) Allergic reactions in response to test antigens can be divided into an immediate response and a late-phase resnonse response.
7. Type I hypersensitivity reaction is caused by an -mediated immune response whose main physiological role is to defend against parasite infection, while Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by cells (A) IgG; naïve T (B) IgE; Ag-specific B cells (C) IgE; mast cells (D) IgG; dendritic cells (E) IgE; Ag-specific T cells
8.All of the following are tenets ofthe hygiene hypothesis except (A) An increase in allergic disease in developed countries compared to developing countries (B) Excessive hygiene reduces childhood exposure to commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. (C) Vaccination increases the developing immune system's experience in facing natural infection. (D) Widespread use of antibiotics interferes with the use and education of the immune system. (E) Antibiotic-driven selection of superbacteria perturbs the immune system.
9. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) CAR-T cells include include anan extracellular tumor tumor antigntigen-specific domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. (B) One of the beneficial effects of treating diseases with immunosuppressive agents is the decreased risk of infection. (C) Therapeutic antibodies can be engineered to reduce their immunogenicity in humans by a process called humanization. (D) Tumor cells may be eliminated by the immune system initially, but as they evolve, variants occur and eventually escape immune surveillance and form a tumor. (E) An effective vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer.
10. Which of the following is NOT an immune checkpoint receptor on T cells that inhibits the CD8+ T-cell response?(A) Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein4 (CTLA-4)(B) Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag-3)(C) Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (4-1BB)(D) T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3)(E) Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)
11. Which of the following is NOT a feature of immunologically "cold"tumors?(A) Exclusion of CD8+T cells and NK cells from the tumor(B) More immunosuppressive immune cells in tumor(C) Poor prognosis and response to immunotherapy(D) Low antigen presentation(E) Elevated effector cytokine, such as Granzyme B
12. Which one is NOT the adjuvant used in the FDA-approved vaccines?(A) Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) (B) Flagellin(C) Aluminum hydroxide(D) Squalene and water emulsion(E) CpG1018
13. The primary role of complement control proteins that operate in the early stages of complement activation is to________.(A) regulate the expression of complement proteins (R)enstre that the comnents ofthe memhrae att (B) ensure that the components of the membrane-attack complex assemble in the correct sequence(C) facilitate the secretion of complement proteins to extracellular locations C) facilitate the secretion of complement nroteins to extracellular locstion(D) stabilize complement proteins, thus extending their half-lives in serum(E) ensure that C3b is deposited on appropriate surfaces
14. Which of the following is a feature of regulatory T cells (Treg)?(A) Treg predominantly expresss CD8 CD8 and and control effector cells by inducing apoptosis.(B) Treg express lowv levels ofof CD25 (IL-2 L-2 receptor alpha chain).(C) Physical association between Treg and their target cells is mandatory for Treg function.(D) Treg rely on the transcription factor RORyt (gamma t) for their development.(E) Treg secrete TGF-B (beta) and suppress effector T cell functions.
15. Which of the following statements aboutviral immune evasion mechanisms are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) HIV infects CD4+ T cells primarily to suppress antigen presentation and strengthen adaptive immune responses. (B)Viruses generally promote dendritic cell maturation to increase MHC molecule expression and T cell activation.(C) Influenza virus evades immunity mainly through antigenic drift, which involves reassortment of genome segments between between different viral strains. (D) Hepatitis epatitis B virus interferes interferes with host innate immunity by suppressin suppressing interferon signaling pathways. (E) All viruses evade CD8+ T cell responses by eliminating MHC class I expression on infected cells.
16.Which Rothg ofthe following statements about T cell-mediated immune responses are correct? (Select all that apply.) sa ao (A) Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognize antigens dependently of MHC molecules during activation. R Antioa isnhe the Toggus (B) Antigen TCR eeognitton by the k triggers intracellular signaling through the CD3 complex. (C) Th2 cells are the primary producers of IL-17 during adaptive immune responses. (D) Activated T cells release soluble TCR molecules to mediate immune signaling. (E) CD8+ T cells are activated by antigen presented on MHC class I molecules expressed by dendritic cells.
17. Which of the following statements about T cell receptors (TCRs) and their gene rearrangement are correct?(Select all that apply.)(A) TCRs aree composed of either two polypeptide chains: a/β (alpha/beta) or y/δ (gamma/delta). (B) The variable region of the a-chain is assembled from V, D, and JI gene segments.(C) Gene rearrangement occurs at the DNA level. (D) Both a- and β-chains have approximately 10 V gene segments (E)DNA recombination isa each. (J) DNA recombination is a key mechanism that enables the immune system to recognize a vast array of antigens.
18.Which of the following statements about MHC molecules are correct? (Select all that apply.)(A) MHC class I consists of two polypeptide chains of equal length (a and β).fwo andR(B) MHC class I primarily presents endogenous (intracellular) antigens toto CD8+ T cells. (C) MHC class I is abundantly expressed on the surface of red blood cells.(D) MHC classs II binds antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum to form MHC antigen complexes. (E) MHC class Il acquires antigenic peptides through vesicular transport and lysosomal degradation pathways.
19. Which of the following statements accurately describe how memory B cells in a secondary immune response differ fom differ naïve Ba romive s cells ina primary immune response? (Selecttall all that apply.) (A) The antibodies in dies produced have higher attinity in a secondary immune response. (B) The frequency of antigen-specific B Higherlevelcite cells is lower in a secondary immune response. (C) Higher levels of IgM are produced in secondary immune responses.(D) Memory B cells can respond respond with wi reduced reduced oro non T-cell help he compar cpared to naïve B cells. (E) Memory B cells express higher levels of MHC class II molecules.
20. Which of the following statements accurately describe immunological memory? (Select all that apply.) (A)) The host retains the capacity to mount a faster and stronger secondary immune response. (B) The host can respond to a pathogenn many ma years after the primary exposure. (C) Memory T cells express higher-affinity receptors than naive T celis. (D) Memory B cells produce higher-affinity antibodies than naïve B cells. (E) Memory T cells enress CDASR A
21. Which cytokines are associated with tumor-induced suppression of the immune response? (Select all that apply.)(A) IL-12(B) IL-2(C) TGF-β(D) IL-4(E) IL-10
22.Which of the following statements about autoimmunity are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) Aulommune diseases result from an imbalance in antigen tolerance induced by regulatory T cells.(B) Autoimmune diseases are always caused by persistent viral infections. (C) Ankylosing spondylitis (僵直性脊椎炎) is an example of an autoimmune disease. (D) High levels of IL-2 can be detected in the synovial fluid ofpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. (E) Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens.
23. Which of the following statements about immunodeficiency are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) Patients lacking complement components C5-C9 are more susceptible to influenza virus infections.(B) Individuals with phagocyte defects are more prone to bacterial infections but not more susceptible to viral infections.(C) People with T cell deficiencies are prone to opportunistic infections. (D) Individuals with IgA deficiency have an increased risk of respiratory tract infections.(E) Genetic defects are the only cause of immunodeficiency.
24.Interferons are a group of proteins classified by function into type I interferons (IFN-a and IFN-β) and type II interferon (IFN-γ). Which of the following statements about IFN-γ are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) It is induced by replication intermediatess of RNA viruses. (B) It promotes the activation of phagocytic cells. (C) It is primarily produced by fibroblasts. (D) It is mainly produced by natural killer (NK) cells or activated T cells. (E) It enhances the cellular antiviral state
四、是非題1. Inflammation is harmful and should bebe avoided avoi at all stages of an immune response.(A)O(B)X
2.Lymphocytes encounter and respond to antigens at the site of infection(A)O(B)X
3.Peyer's patch is the secondary lymphoid organ of the small intestine.(A)O(B)X
4.acrophages express only one type of receptor with unique specificity, whereas T cells express multiple types of receptors with different combinations.(A)O(B)X
5.Activated and memory T cells predominate in the mucosal areas even in the absence of infection.(A)O(B)X
6.IgG is the dominant class of antibody in the mucosal immune system.(A)O(B)X
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1. What is the role of dendritic cells in initiating adaptive immune responses? If viruses such as HSV or influenza do ot dis not directly infect dendritic cells, how are virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses activated?
2.What four processes contribute to the generation of the vast diversity of antibodies and B cell receptors?
3.Please describe 3 main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
4.Activation of naïve T cells by antigen-presenting cells is the hallmark of cellular immunity. Please describe the three kinds of signals and their effects that are involved in the activation of naïve T cells.
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