115年 - 115 外交特種考試_三等_外交領事人員類科英文組二：國際關係與近代外交史（以英文命題及作答）#144530

1 Which of the following statements about “G20” is NOT true? (A) Its members include 19 state participants, the European Union, and the African Union, making a total of 21 official members. (B) The 2026 G20 Leaders’ Summit will be held in Miami, United States. (C) Russia is a member state of G20 as of July 2026. (D) Singapore is a member state of G20 as of July 2026.

2 Which of the following organizations is included in the 66 international organizations shown on the executive order which Trump signed in January 2026 for the United States to withdraw? (A) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (B) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (C) International Court of Justice (ICJ). (D) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

3 Which of the following statements about the core concepts of realism is NOT true? (A) Both Structural Realism and Classical Realism view “power” as an end in itself rather than a means. (B) Rather than focusing on unit-level state attributes, Structural Realism attributes state behavior to the structure of the international system. (C) While the arguments of Classical Realism are inductive, those of Structural Realism are deductive. (D) Emphasizing that states pursue security maximization, Waltz is widely considered a representative of Defensive Realism.

4 Which of the following statements about the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine is NOT true? (A) The 1956 Suez Crisis resulted in a power vacuum in the Middle East. (B) It was primarily designed to prevent the strategic waterways and abundant oil resources of the Middle East from falling into the hands of Arab nationalists and the communist bloc. (C) The policy included providing economic and military assistance to nations in the Middle East, a region that consequently became a primary battlefield of the Cold War. (D) Because the Senate and the House were both held by Democratic majorities while President Eisenhower was a Republican, this doctrine failed to secure congressional approval.

5 In the US-Israel-Iran war, which began in February 2026, the United States and Israel launched large- scale airstrikes against military and strategic facilities inside Iran. In response, Iran counterattacked nearby the US military bases and blockaded the Strait of Hormuz—a global crude oil choke point—as a countermeasure. Which of the following options best aligns with the interpretation of this conflict through the lens of “Offensive Realism”? (A) Great powers, in their pursuit of absolute security and regional hegemony, tend to adopt “preventive measures” to eliminate potential strategic threats. (B) The core motivation behind the US airstrikes is to defend the international legal order and the freedom of navigation in the Middle East. (C) Iran’s blockade of the Strait of Hormuz is an attempt to reshape the Middle Eastern and global trading systems through economic interdependence. (D) The outbreak of conflict between the US and Iran stems primarily from Iran’s persistent free-riding on US Middle East policy to strengthen itself.

6 Which School of International Relations claims morality to be most irrelevant in explaining the issue of war and peace? (A) Constructivism. (B) Neoliberalism. (C) Neorealism. (D) Idealism.

7 Which of the following is NOT included in the Non-tariff Barriers (NTBs) of International Trade? (A) The government offers counseling services to improve business operation. (B) Government subsidy solely based on export performance. (C) Government tightens border quarantine measures. (D) Government increases safety inspection protocols.

8 Which of the following issue areas is lacking international agreement with multilateral consensus in the international society? (A) Commercial Activities in the Outer Space. (B) Basic Human Rights. (C) Climate Change. (D) International Trade.

9 Which of the following is NOT the main factor explaining international wars in the Power Transition Theory? (A) Hostility between two states. (B) Approaching power parity. (C) The rising power dissatisfies with the status quo. (D) Two states must be territorially adjacent.

10 Which of the following statements about Constructivism is NOT true? (A) Constructivism focuses on the process of evolution or change in international politics. (B) It stresses the role of ideas in shaping the international system, contending that systemic change is driven by the practices of international relations. (C) Wendt contends that Constructivism is a systemic, structural theory of international politics. (D) In terms of epistemology, Wendt emphasizes that language or speech acts present or represent the identities and meanings constructed by knowledge and power practices, thereby he is widely identified as a post-positivist.

11 In the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1954, which of the following territories was not included in the areas jointly defended by the two parties? (A) Penghu (Pescadores). (B) Kinmen (Quemoy). (C) Orchid Island. (D) Taiwan Island.

12 Which of the following combinations of “Western colonial power” and “country that gained independence after being colonized by that colonial power” is correct? (A) Germany—Namibia. (B) France—R.D.Congo. (C) Portugal—Burkina Faso. (D) Spain—Haiti.

13 In the mid-nineteenth century, the “Eastern Question” primarily centered on the rivalry among the great powers over territorial claims arising from the decline of which empire? (A) The Ottoman Turkish Empire. (B) The Austro-Hungarian Empire. (C) The Qing Empire. (D) The Russian Empire.

14 The Congress of Vienna in 1815 formally ended the Napoleon War, when the Great Powers were at odds during and after the Congress. Which of the following statement is incorrect? (A) France obtained more interests from the contradictions among the Great Powers. (B) The emergence of the Holly Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance afterwards made the international relations more complicated. (C) The Great Britain supported Austria’s leading position on the European continent to counter Russia. (D) Alexander I, the Russian Emperor, supported nationalism in opposing British and Austria’s dominance in Europe.

15 Which of the following leader was the least influential at the Paris Peace Conference in 1918? (A) Thomas Woodrow Wilson. (B) Georges Benjamin Clemenceau. (C) David Lloyd George. (D) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando.

16 After the Mukden Incident (the September 18 Incident), U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson announced a policy position in January 1932 that became known as the Stimson Doctrine. What was the main content of this doctrine? (A) Support the settlement of international disputes through bilateral consultation. (B) No recognition on territorial changes by the use of force. (C) Place Northeast China under the trusteeship of the League of Nations. (D) Oppose a military alliance between Japan and Russia.

17 Which of the following peace treaties ended the Russo-Japanese War? (A) Treaty of Manchuria. (B) Treaty of Tokyo. (C) Treaty of Portsmouth. (D) Treaty of London.

18 Which of the following statement regarding former President Lee Teng-hui’s “pragmatic diplomacy” is incorrect? (A) Sanctions imposed by the Western democratic bloc on the Mainland Chinese authorities following the Tiananmen Square Incident are helpful to promote “pragmatic diplomacy.” (B) The practices of “pragmatic diplomacy” led to diplomatic truce between two sides of the Taiwan Strait. (C) At the time, the Taiwan Area’s economic strength far surpassed that of the Mainland Area, enabling the president and vice president to visit non-diplomatic allies under designations such as “golf diplomacy” and “vacation diplomacy.” (D) During this period, it was emphasized that the Republic of China was a sovereign and independent state, while not insisting on participation in international activities under its official state title.

19 Regarding the origin of the Cold War after World War II, which of the following statement is incorrect? (A) US President Roosevelt did not implement the Yalta Accordance. (B) Both the United States and the Soviet Union conflicted severely over ideology. (C) The United States alone dominated Japan while excluding the Soviet interests. (D) The United States and the Soviet Union disputed on the German issue.

20 Which of the following statement about the Bretton Woods System established in July 1944 is incorrect? (A) To peg the U.S. dollar to gold. (B) To establish the World Bank. (C) To establish the World Trade Organization. (D) To establish the International Monetary Fund.

一、As a country continues to enhance its comprehensive state power—including its military, economic, and technological capabilities, as well as its participation and influence in international organizations—how should the existing hegemon respond to the rise of such country? In formulating your answer, consider whether the two countries share similar or different regime types, whether they are engaged in economic and trade relations and the extent of their mutual interdependence, and whether they participate in the same international institutions. Discuss these factors in detail. (20 points)

二、When a state must, on the one hand, devote every effort to reach the enormous electricity demands of artificial intelligence (AI) in order to maintain its technological competitiveness, while, on the other hand, to fulfill its commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Paris Agreement, how should it reconcile these competing imperatives? Put differently, when the costs of developing and deploying green energy cannot, in the short term, provide electricity at a sufficiently competitive price to support a country’s AI development, should that country prioritize its own national interests, abandon its commitments to global warming governance, and increase its reliance on lower-cost fossil fuels? (20 points)

三、Please identify the “Atlantic Charter,” and its background. What were the details of the Charter? To what extent did the Charter impact the international order after the WWII? (17 points)

四、Please elaborate the origins of the Vietnam War and the reason of American intervention in the war. (18 points)