複選題

28. Proteins could be covalently modified by chemicals and small peptides, such as
(A) phosphorus
(B) ubiquitin
(C) methyl group
(D) acetyl group
(E) fatty acid

複選題29. Which of the following descriptions about G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) is (are) CORRECT? (A) GPCRs constitute one of the largest protein families encoded by the mammalian genomes, including adrenalin receptors, odorant receptors, rhodopsin and EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptors. (B) The general structure of GPCRs includes seven transmembrane a-helices with the N-terminus facing the extracellular space and C-terminus in the cytosol. (C) Activation of the GPCR by its ligand triggers dissociation of GDP from the B-subunit of the G protein, which in turns activates the a-subunit. (D) The specificity of GPCR signaling is determined solely by the unique ligand that a receptor binds. (E) Desensitization of GPCR signaling requires receptor-mediated endocytosis that depends on clathrin, AP2 and ẞ-arrestin.

複選題30. Which of the following descriptions regarding signal transduction downstream of GPCR is (are) CORRECT? (A) Adenylyl cyclase, which produces cyclic AMP, is a direct target of G protein (B) GPCR may induce depolarization of neuronal membrane by activating cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNG) (C) Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) by promoting the association of the PKA catalytic subunits with the PKA regulatory subunits (D) G protein may activate phospholipase C, which in turn catalyzes the production of diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) (E) G protein may activate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase, and this property of G protein is determined by the By-subunit

31. There are several key steps in receptor-mediated endocytosis and its subsequent trafficking in the cell, which are: (1) cargo sorting in the recycling endosomes (2) recognition of the endocytic motif of the receptor by adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) (3) scission of the coated endocytic pits by dynamin (4) recruitment of clathrin (5) disassembly of clathrin coats (6) maturation into late endosome or multivesicular bodies. Please order these events in the correct temporal sequence. (A) 214536 (B) 234165 (C) 213456 (D) 243516 (E) 215346

複選題32. Which of the following statements about actin is (are) CORRECT? (A). It constitutes intermediate filaments and is one of the major components of cytoskeleton (B) The growth rate of actin filament is faster at the (+) end, which contains GDP-bound actins (C) Branching of actin filaments is mainly mediated by the Arp2/3 complex (D) Ras is the major small GTPase that regulates actin dynamics (E) Transport along the actin filaments is mediated by myosin motors

複選題33. Which of the following statements about microtubules is (are) CORRECT? (A) Microtubules are an important target of several anti-cancer drugs, such as taxol and vincristine (B) Growth of microtubule dynamics occurs at the plus end, where as disassembly or catastrophe occurs at the minus end (C) Kinesins and dynein are responsible cargo transport towards the plus and the minus ends of microtubules, respectively (D) Centrosomes are microtubules organizing center (MTOC) that emit microtubule polymers with minus end towards the cell membrane and plus end towards the MTOC (E) The three tubulins, α, β, and y tubulins, are incorporated into regular microtubule polymers that are present throughout the entire cell

複選題34. Which of the following protein modifications could be found on histones that are important for epigenetic regulation of gene functions? (A) Glutamylation (B) Acetylation (C) Methylation (D) Tyrosination (E) Palmitoylation

複選題35. Which of the following statements about apoptosis is (are) CORRECT? (A) A set of core apoptotic proteins, including BCL-2, APAF, and Caspase 3, are conserved in all eukaryotes, including yeast (B) Apoptosis is mainly regulated by extrinsic signals, and intrinsic genetic mechanisms are generally not involved in most apoptosis (C) Immune cell gathering around the dying apoptotic cell is an important feature of apoptosis, which distinguishes it from necrosis (D) Failure of energy production in apoptotic cells exposes phosphoserine on the extracellular surface of plasma membrane, which signals the phagocytic cells to engulf the corpse of apoptotic cells (E) Triggers of apoptosis include lack of trophic factors, DNA damage and excessive cellular activity (e.g., glutamate excess triggers neuronal death)

複選題36. Which of the following statements about protein phosphorylation is (are) CORRECT? (A) Phosphorylation is an important way to modulate enzymatic activity: phosphorylated enzymes are active and dephosphorylated enzymes are all inactive and will be degraded (B) Receptor tyrosine kinase undergoes autophosphorylation and adds phosphate group to itself on the same molecule (C) Mutations of a serine residue that is normally phosphorylated to aspartic acid often mimic the effects of phosphorylation (D) Phosphorylation of a protein could trigger its degradation by the proteasome (E) Phosphorylation could serve as a localizing signal to retain the protein in the cytosol or localizes it to the nucleus

複選題37. Which of the following descriptions about synaptic transmission is (are) CORRECT? (A) Release of neurotransmitters depends fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the membrane of presynaptic terminal, and this process requires the SNARE complex (B) Local sodium influx at the presynaptic terminal triggers synaptic vesicle release (C) Whether a postsynaptic neuron is activated or inhibited is determined by the type of neurotransmitters instead of the postsynaptic receptors (D) Synaptic vesicle release follows a quantal principle and is discontinuous in intensity (E) Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from the same neuron are packaged together in the same vesicle and are co-released upon stimulation

複選題38. Which of the following statements about stem cells is (are) CORRECT? (A) Stem cells are widespread during development and continue to exist in all human and mammalian tissues in adult (B) The proliferative potential of a cell is gradually restricted when it becomes more differentiated (C) A differentiated somatic cell nucleus could be reprogrammed into a more undifferentiated state when transplanted into an oocyte whose own nucleus is removed (D) A limited number of transcription factors are sufficient to confer stemness to the cell, and activation of this set of genes could reprogram somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell) (E) Differentiation of a stem cell into more mature cell types is determined by both genetic factors and extrinsic signals

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