13. Which of the following decreases heart rate?
(A) increase in venous pressure
(B) increase in filling time
(C) increase in sympathetic activity
(D) increase in parasympathetic activity
(E) increase in stroke volume

14. Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system?(A) cervical spinal cord(B) pons(C) hypothalamus(D) medulla oblongata(E) cerebellum

15. Which statement best describes the function of fibrinogen?(A) It transports lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.(B) It primarily affects the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.(C) It provides the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.(D) It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots.(E) It aids in the structural form of the erythrocyte.

16. What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli?(A) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out.(B) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed.(C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.(D) It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed.(E) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.

17. Which of the following can increase the concentration of a particular gas in a solution?(A) Increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the solution.(B) Increase the volume of the container containing the gas and solution.(C) Increase the volume of the gas only.(D) Increase the volume of the solution only.(E) Decrease the concentration of other gases in the solution.

18. During what renal process are molecules selectively removed from the tubule lumen, moved into the interstitial space, and removed from the kidneys by the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta?(A) filtration(B) secretion(C) excretion(D) reabsorption(E) absorption

19. Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by(A) $$\text{HCO}_3^- / \text{Cl}^-$$ countertransporters.(B) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ cotransporters.(C) conversion to carbon dioxide.(D) $$\text{HCO}_3^-$$ active transporters.(E) $$\text{Na}^+/\text{HCO}_3^-$$ countertransporters.

20. Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be ______ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated.(A) deacidified(B) acidified(C) dehydrated(D) hydrated(E) phosphorylated

1. 下列何種物質最容易通過細胞膜脂變層(lipid bilayer)? (A) 葡萄糖；(B) 甘油(glycerol)；(C) H⁺；(D) HCO₃⁻；(E) CO₂。

2. 下列何者是葡萄糖分子發酵作用與細胞呼吸作用的共同代謝路徑？(A) 糖解作用(glycolysis)；(B) 克氏循環(Krebs cycle)；(C) 進入電子傳遞鏈(electron transport chain)；(D) 由丙酮酸(pyruvate)合成乙酰輔酶(Aacetyl CoA)；(E) 由丙酮酸還原成氫酸。

3. 關於人體血管內物質含量比較，下列何者正確？(A) 尿素：腎靜脈<腎動脈；(B) 二氧化碳：肺靜脈<肺動脈；(C) 脂溶性養分：上大靜脈<下大靜脈；(D) 乳：肺靜脈<肺動脈；(E) 水溶性養分：肝門靜脈<肝動脈。

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