13. Which of the following molecules cannot stimulate glycolytic flux?

(A) AMP

(B) ADP

(C) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

(D) Insulin

(E) Citrate

14. Which of the following enzyme complexes links the TCA cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane?(A) NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex(B) Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex(C) Succinate dehydrogenase complex(D) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(E) Phosphoglycerate kinase complex

15. The linear photosynthesis electron chain does not involve the transport of electrons to:(A) Photosystem I(B) Photosystem III(C) Cytochrome b6f complex(D) Plastoquinone(E) Ferredoxin

16. Which of the following biomolecule is a crossroad between glycolytic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway?(A) Glucose 6-phosphate(B) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(C) Pyruvate(D) Acetyl-CoA(E) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

17. Which of the following reaction would favor cellular gluconeogenesis in the fasted state?(A) AMP activates phosphfructokinase 1(B) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphateactivates pyruvate kinase(C) Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase(D) NAD+ activates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(E) None of the above.

18. Which of the following urine component can be used as a biomarker to monitor DNA turnover?(A) beta-aminoisobutyrate(B) ammonium ion(C) beta-alanine(D) cytidine(E) AMP

19. Which of the following amino acid is a pure ketogenic amino acid means its carbon skeleton can be used for the synthesis of ketone bodies but not glucose?(A) Lysine(B) Glycine(C) Proline(D) Methionine(E) Tryptophan

20. Carnitine transport of fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria is important for fatty acid catabolism. Which of the following statement is not true?(A) the reaction is energy required(B) free carnitine and acyl-carnitine can be exchanged across mitochondrial inner membrane(C) release of CoASH from fatty acyl CoA in the cytosol side(D) carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase plays essential role in this reaction(E) carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and 2 located on outer- and inner-mitochondrial membrane, respectively.

21. G-proteins are associated with which receptor superfamily?(A) oligomeric ligand-gated ion channels(B) 7-transmembrane segment (7-TMS) receptors(C) cell adhesion protein receptors(D) single-transmembrane segment catalytic receptors(E) none of the above

22. The second messenger produced from the hydrolysis of PIP$_{2}$ that activates the increase of Ca$^{++}$ concentrations in the cytoplasm is:(A) diacylglycerol (DAG).(B) phosphatidylinositol (PI).(C) phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP$_{2}$).(D) inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP$_{3}$).(E) inositol-1,4-bisphosphate (IP2).

23. Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?(A) cGMP(B) norepinephrine(C) nitric oxide(D) diacylglycerol(E) Ca$^{2+}$

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