14. Which statement correctly describes how analytes are retained on different stationary phases in liquid chromatography?
(A) In reversed-phase LC, hydrophobic stationary phases attract polar analytes through strong dipole-dipole interactions.
(B) In normal-phase LC, analytes with higher polarity exhibit stronger retention because they interact more strongly with the polar stationary phase.
(C) In ion-exchange chromatography, retention is dominated primarily by hydrophobic interactions between analytes and the stationary phase.
(D) In size-exclusion chromatography, smaller analytes elute before larger ones because they cannot enter the pores of the stationary material.

15. Which light source is most commonly used in mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy?(A) Deuterium lamp(B) Tungsten-halogen lamp(C) Globar(D) Hydrogen lamp

複選題16. Which of the following statements about the sensitivity of test strips are correct?(A) Higher sensitivity means the strip can detect lower concentrations of the target substance.(B) A highly sensitive test strip is less likely to produce false negatives.(C) Sensitivity refers to the ability to correctly identify negative samples.(D) Higher sensitivity is ideal for early-stage detection.(E) Sensitivity is more important than specificity in a low-risk area for disease transmission.

複選題17. Which of the following statements correctly distinguish among the three quantification methods?(A) The external standard method assumes that the sample matrix has no effect on the analytical signal, and uses a calibration curve generated from standards in a clean matrix.(B) The standard addition method is best when matrix effects (biological fluid like blood serum) are suspected.(C) The internal standard method requires that the standard be the same compound as the analyte, and requires plotting the ratio of analyte signal to internal standard signal.(D) The internal standard method compensates for variation in sample preparation or instrument drift, which is suitable for the GC-MS method with inconsistent injection volume.(E) The standard addition method requires a separate blank matrix for calibration and then plots signal versus added concentration to find the original concentration.

複選題18. A researcher compares the average amount of daily screen time between teenagers and adults. Which of the following statements are correct? (A) The null hypothesis would state that there is a big difference in screen time between the two groups. (B) A very significant t-test result (p < 0.01) would suggest rejecting the null hypothesis. (C) A smaller confidence level would result in a wider confidence interval. (D) An F-test must be performed before the t-test to validate equal variances. (E) A high F value suggests the two groups have the very similar daily screen time with a lower Q value.

複選題19. Environmental scientists monitor water pollutants using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. Which of the following reflect appropriate uses of these techniques? (A) IR can quantify nitrate contamination in water by its characteristic absorbance. (B) IR spectra help identify functional groups like $-\mathrm{OH}$, $-\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$, or $-\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}-$ in water pollutants. (C) Adding acid to the water leads to a blue shift in UV spectra of a pollutant, suggesting it's becoming less reactive or less conjugated. (D) Absorption increase in the UV spectra may indicate a breakdown of the dye structure. (E) IR can monitor the dye concentration over time using Beer's Law.

複選題20. A patient with kidney stones is prescribed a citrate-rich drink to help reduce calcium oxalate precipitation in the urinary tract. Considering the solubility of calcium oxalate ($\mathrm{CaC_2O_4}$), which of the following statements are NOT true regarding how pH affects its solubility and the equilibrium involved? (A) Lowering the pH increases the solubility of calcium oxalate by protonating the oxalate ion ($\mathrm{C_2O_4^{2-}}$). (B) The solubility equilibrium includes both the Ksp expression and the acid-base equilibrium of oxalate. (C) Raising the pH causes calcium oxalate to dissolve more readily due to increased $\mathrm{OH}^-$ concentration. (D) Adding EDTA can shift the dissolution equilibrium toward more dissolved ions. (E) The mass balance expression: $$ [\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}] = [\mathrm{C_2O_4^{2-}}] - [\mathrm{HC_2O_4^-}] + [\mathrm{H_2C_2O_4}] = \text{solubility} $$

複選題21. Which of the following normal modes of ethylene are NOT active in the infrared? (A) (B) (C)(D) (E)

複選題22. Which of the following statements about Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) are correct? (A) SERS significantly enhances Raman signals by using nanostructured non-metal surfaces, typically silica (B) The enhancement in SERS arises mainly from two mechanisms: electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement. (C) SERS requires that the analyte molecule has a permanent dipole moment to exhibit enhancement. (D) The electromagnetic enhancement in SERS is primarily due to surface plasmon resonance in nanostructures. (E) SERS enables detection of very low concentrations of analytes.

複選題23. Which of the following statements correctly describe features and processes represented in a Jablonski energy diagram? (A) Phosphorescence violates Kasha's Rule because it originates from the triplet state rather than the singlet state. (B) Phosphorescence is a radiative transition from a triplet state to the ground singlet state, typically slower than fluorescence. (C) According to Kasha's Rule, vibrational relaxation happens much faster than fluorescence. (D) Kasha's Rule states that fluorescence typically occurs from the lowest excited singlet state $(\mathrm{S}_1)$, regardless of which higher singlet state was initially excited. (E) Fluorescent dyes usually exhibit the Stokes shift as compared to their absorption wavelengths.

複選題24. Which of the following statements about the use of Fourier Transform in spectroscopy are correct? (A) Fourier Transform is not applicable to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy because NMR data is already in the frequency domain. (B) In FTIR spectroscopy, a moving mirror is used in a Michelson interferometer to generate an interferogram from the incoming light. (C) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy uses an interferometer to collect time-domain (interferogram) data, which is then converted to a frequency-domain spectrum. (D) Fourier Transform allows simultaneous measurement of all wavelengths, improving signal-to-noise ratio. (E) The signal-to-noise ratio is irrelevant to the number of measurements. 

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