2. In a comparison among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, please choose the correct statement.
(A) Both Archaea and Eukarya contain membrane-enclosed nucleus with nucleolus.
(B) mRNA introns are present in Archaea and Eukarya.
(C) Both Archaea and Eukarya are insensitive to kanamycin.
(D) Methanogenesis is present in Bacteria and Archaea.
(E) Both Bacteria and Eukarya do not contain muramic acid in their cell wall.

3. Which statement is not true for the Proteobacteria? (A) Mitochondria likely originated from the genus Rickettsia. (B) The genus Shewanella is useful for the bioremediation of radionuclide-contaminated environments. (C) Under anaerobic conditions, E. coli facilitates mixed acid fermentation that can produce multiple acids (acetic, succinic, formic, lactic), ethanol, H2 and CO2. (D) Yersinia pestis is the causative agent for the disease called plaque. (E) The genus Klebsiella contains pathogens that cause diverse diseases of plants, including blights and wilts.

4. Bacterial capsule can be best visualized using: (A) Gram staining (B) Albert's staining (C) Simple staining (D) Acid-fast staining (E) Negative staining

5. Which of the following bacterial toxin can inhibit protein synthesis in the host? (A) Shiga toxin (B) Botulinum toxin (C) Tetanus toxin (D) Pertussis toxin (E) Cholera toxin

6. The most common cause of burn-derived sepsis is: (A) Escherichia coli (B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C) Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) Salmonella typhimurium (E) Proteus mirabilis

7. Which of the following antibiotic can block bacterial RNA synthesis? (A) Cycloserine (B) Chloramphenicol (C) Tetracycline (D) Rifampicin (E) Ampicillin

8. The major sterol in the fungal plasma membrane is ________, which is also an important target of antifungal drugs. (A) Stigmasterol (B) Cholesterol (C) Ergosterol (D) Lanosterol (E) Campesterol

9. Please choose the wrong statement regarding the nitrogen cycle mediated by bacteria. (A) Azotobacter species fix nitrogen from the air, and the product of nitrogen fixation is ammonia. (B) The anammox reaction is an aerobic process performed by bacteria in the phylum Planctomycetes, in which ammonium ion is oxidized to nitrogen gas using nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor. (C) Nitrification by bacteria is a two-step process in which ammonium is oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate. (D) In denitrification, nitrates are reduced to nitrogen gas during anaerobic respiration. (E) Bacteria of the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus convert nitrite to nitrate.

10. Which air filtration system is capable of removing 99.97% of particles? (A) Surgical mask (B) Cloth mask (C) Depth filter (D) HEPA filter (E) Membrane filter

11. The most common archaeal cell envelope structure external to the plasma membrane is the: (A) Capsule (B) Outer membrane (C) Peptidoglycan layer (D) Lipopolysaccharide layer (E) S-layer

12. Which phase of the microbial growth curve is associated with genetic diversity and evolution? (A) Lag phase (B) Exponential phase (C) Stationary phase (D) Death phase (E) Long-term stationary phase

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