28. Which lattice has the highest packing efficiency?
(A) Simple cubic
(B) Body-centered cubic
(C) Face-centered cubic
(D) Primitive tetragonal
(E) Orthorhombic

29. In a p-n junction under forward bias, current flows mainly because: (A) Electrons and holes recombine at the junction after overcoming reduced barrier (B) The depletion region widens (C) Only holes move; electrons remain fixed (D) Only electrons move; holes remain fixed (E) The band gap collapses to zero 

30. In octahedral ligand field theory, which orbital set is stabilized by $\pi$-acceptor ligands? (A) $e_g$ (B) $t_{2g}$ (C) $s$ (D) $p$ (E) all orbitals equally 

複選題31. Which of the following statements about periodic trends in electron affinity (EA) and ionization energy (IE) are correct? (A) First ionization energy generally increases from left to right across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge (B) Electron affinity always becomes more negative down a group because atomic size increases (C) Noble gases have very low ionization energies because of their stable electron configurations (D) The first ionization energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen due to electron-electron repulsion in the $2p$ orbitals (E) Halogens have small electron affinities because their valence shells are already nearly filled

複選題32. Which of the following statements correctly describe the 18-electron rule and its application to organometallic complexes? (A) The 18-electron rule applies equally well to both main-group compounds and transition-metal complexes (B) Complexes that follow the 18-electron rule are typically low-spin and diamagnetic (C) In square-planar $\mathrm{d}^8$ complexes such as $[\mathrm{PtCl}_4]^{2-}$, the metal center satisfies the 18-electron rule (D) $\pi$-acceptor ligands such as CO contribute two electrons per ligand to the metal center (E) The 18-electron rule predicts stability when the metal center achieves a noble-gas-like configuration with 18 valence electrons

複選題33. Which of the following statements about frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are correct? (A) FLPs consist of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base that are prevented from forming a stable adduct due to steric hindrance (B) FLPs activate $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ via oxidative addition at the Lewis acid center (C) Both the Lewis acid and the Lewis base participate cooperatively in the heterolytic cleavage of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ (D) FLP systems require transition metals to activate small molecules such as $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ or $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ (E) In FLP chemistry, decreasing steric hindrance generally enhances the ability to activate $\mathrm{H}_{2}$

複選題34. Which configurations commonly show strong Jahn-Teller distortions in $\mathrm{O_h}$? (A) $d^{9}$ (B) high-spin $d^{4}$ (C) low-spin $d^{6}$ (D) $d^{10}$ (E) $d^{0}$ 

複選題35. Which of the following statements about interhalogen compounds are correct? (A) Interhalogen compounds are generally more reactive than the corresponding dihalogen molecules (B) In $\mathrm{IF}_7$, iodine adopts a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry based on VSEPR theory (C) Interhalogen compounds have lower electronegativity differences than the corresponding halogen molecules (D) Many interhalogen compounds act as strong fluorinating agents (E) The oxidation state of the central halogen in $\mathrm{BrF}_3$ is $+1$

複選題36. Which statements about selection rules are correct for many transition-metal complexes? (A) Laporte rule forbids g →g transitions in centrosymmetric complexes (B) Spin rule forbids transitions that change spin multiplicity (C) Vibronic coupling can relax Laporte-forbidden transitions (D) Spin-orbit coupling can relax spin-forbidden transitions (E) Selection rules make all colored complexes impossible

複選題37. Because boron in organoboranes possesses an empty $p$ orbital, which of the following statements are correct? (A) Organoboranes are strong $\pi$-electron donors toward electrophiles (B) Organoboranes typically behave as Lewis acids and readily accept electron pairs from donors (C) Organoboranes readily form tetrahedral borate species upon reaction with nucleophiles (D) The B-C bond in organoboranes is predominantly ionic (E) The electron-deficient nature of boron makes organoboranes strong Brønsted bases in water

複選題38. Which defects can contribute to electrical conductivity in ionic solids/oxides? (A) Oxygen vacancies (B) Substitutional donor dopants (C) Cation vacancies (acceptors) (D) Perfect stoichiometric lattice always conducts (E) Grain boundaries (in many real ceramics)

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