28. Which of the following spontaneous lesions in DNA occurs most frequently in a mammalian cell?
(A) Guanine oxidation
(B) Cytosine deamination
(C) Depurination
(D) Guanine alkylation
(E) Depyrimidination

29. The enzyme that converts information stored in their RNA to information stored in DNA is (A) DNA ligase. (B) reverse transcriptase. (C) a restriction enzyme. (D) RNA polymerase. (E) a recombinase,

30. A mutation that changes a cysteine codon to a tryptophan codon is called a (A) nonsense mutation. (B) missense mutation. (C) frameshift mutation. (D) silent mutation. (E) conditional mutation.

31. A pair of primary and secondary antibodies (Ab) are generally used in a Western blotting experiment. These two antibodies have to come from different sources (e.g., mouse and rabbit), because (A) Ab from different sources will not compete for the same target. (B) these two Ab are modified differently. (C) the secondary Ab recognizes the Fc region of the primary Ab. (D) the primary Ab is more specific than the secondary Ab. (E) Ab from the same source will aggregate.

32. Which of the following factors is least important in determine the migration position of DNA on a gel during electrophoresis? (A) sequence (B) length (C) shape (topology) (D) modification (E) protein binding

33. RNAi can be used by (A) researchers to induce the production of more mRNA. (B) researchers to artificially turn on gene expression. (C) viruses to stop the production of new proteins. (D) viruses to increase gene diversity. (E) cells to prevent infections from double-stranded RNA viruses.

34. Transcriptionally inactive genes (A) are always located within euchromatin. (B) are not located within nucleosomes. (C) often are methylated. (D) often are acetylated. (E) are not resistant to DNase I.

35. Lipid soluble hormones activate transcription by (A) binding to specific cell-surface receptors. (B) phosphorylating a protein kinase. (C) unpacking the nucleosomes. (D) inhibiting a histone deacetylase. (E) binding to a nuclear receptor.

36. The branch point A residue involved in lariat formation is part of the (A) polyA tail. (B) intron. (C) exon. (D) 5'UTR. (E) 3'UTR.

37. Which type of RNA participates in nuclear export of mRNA? (A) hnRNA (B) snRNA (C) snoRNA (D) tRNA (E) rRNA

38. Synthesis of pre-rRNA occurs in the (A) nucleolus. (B) endoplasmic reticulum. (C) ribosome. (D) cytosol. (E) nuclear envelops.

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