31. In fungi, the function of the mycelium is
(A) defense
(B) dispersal to distant habitats
(C) surviving a period of food shortage
(D) obtaining food
(E) movement

32. Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they (A) were the first truly multicellular organisms (B) were probably the first organisms to live on Earth (C) are the oldest known prokaryotes (D) extracted heat from the atmosphere, cooling Earth (E) produced atmospheric oxygen

33. The avian flu virus H5N1 is considered a greater long-term threat than the swine flu virus H1N1 because __________. (A) it has a significantly higher mortality rate (B) H5N1 has a greater tendency to become a prophage (C) more people eat chicken meat than pork (D) it is more readily transmitted between human hosts (E) H5N1 is a DNA virus and the similarity of genome chemistry can promote greater virulence and therefore the likelihood of death in humans.

34. To repair a thymine dimer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act? (A) endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (B) exonuclease, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase (C) DNA ligase, nuclease, helicase (D) helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (E) DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, DNA ligase

35. Which of the following best illustrates homeostasis? (A) All organs are composed of the same four kinds of tissue. (B) Elevated blood CO2 stimulates faster breathing, which rids the body of excess CO2. (C) All the cells in the body have much the same chemical composition. (D) The lung has a large surface for exchange of gases. (E) DNA stores the genetic information in a cell.

36. A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because (A) glycolysis can occur without the action of enzymes (B) human cells must also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them (C) this step in the pathway of glycolysis can be skipped in bacteria, but not in humans (D) glycolysis produces so little ATP that the drug will have little effect (E) bacteria are prokaryotes; they usually do not need to perform glycolysis

37. When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible. (A) cytokines (B) leukocytes (C) blood type (D) MHC proteins (E) antibodies

38. Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters? (A) Its significance has not yet been determined. (B) It sets the reading frame of the mRNA. (C) It is the recognition site for a specific transcription factor. (D) It is the recognition site for ribosomal binding. (E) It prevents supercoiling of the DNA near the start site.

39. Which of the following is a characteristic of the nervous system but not the endocrine system? (A) Communication usually involves more than one type of signal. (B) Signals generally coordinate gradual changes that affect the entire body. (C) The signal is broadcast throughout the body. (D) Signals are often long-lasting. (E) Signals travel slowly, often taking many seconds to have an effect.

40. Because eukaryotic genes contain introns, their transcripts cannot be translated by bacteria, which lack RNA-splicing machinery. But if you want to engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, you can synthesize a gene without introns. A good way to do this is to (A) use a nucleic acid probe to find a gene without introns (B) work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns (C) alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA (D) use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene (E) use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium

41. X-linked genes differ from Y-linked genes in which of the following ways? (A) Sons and daughters have equal probabilities in inheriting a recessive allele of an X-linked gene from their mother, but only sons can inherit rare Y-linked genetic disorders from their father. (B) Only X-linked genes are technically sex-linked because Y-linked genes affect characteristics unrelated to sex. (C) Genes on the X chromosome are expressed only in females, and genes on the Y chromosome are expressed only in males. (D) Sons and daughters can inherit alleles of X-linked genes from fathers proportionally but only sons inherit alleles of Y-linked genes from their fathers. (E) Though most X-linked genes determine sex, Y-linked genes control for characters unrelated to sex.

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