31. The oral contraceptive pills contain___ , which mimic the hormone control of ovaries in the luteal phase.
(A) Follicle stimulating hormone
(B) Estrogen
(C) Progesterone
(D) Estrogen and progesterone

32. Which of the following is the LEAST likely cause of hypotension? (A) Hemorrhagc. (B) Vomiting, or emotional responses. (C) Decreased firing of the arterial baroreceptors. (D) A sudden increase in firing of the parasympathetic nervous system.

33. Which of the following is the LEAST likely to result in edema ? (A) Liver cirrhosis. (B) Abnormal decreasc in plasma protein. (C) Blockage of lymph vessels. (D) A decrease in venous pressure.

34. Which of the following is true regarding baroreceptors? (A) Increasing the pulse pressure will increase firing rate of action potentials in the afferent neurons associated with the baroreceptors. (B) The medullary cardiovascular center is the only part of the brain involved in the baroreceptor reilex (C) Activation of the baroreceptor reflex is primarily involved in long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure. (D) Acute blood loss elicits increased firing rate of arterial baroreceptors.

35. Osmotic pressure within a capillary arises as a result of (A) the pressure created by fluid within the capillary. (B) the displacement of water due to a concentration gradient of plasma proteins between the blood and the surrounding fluid. (C) the hydrostatic pressue from the interstitial tissue, pushing against the capillary. (D) the hydrostatic pressure that pushes water out of the capillary.

36. Which of the following vasoactive factor is NOT produced by endothelial cells ? (A) NO (B) Atrial natriuretic peptide (C) Prostacyclin (D) Endothelin-1.

37. Incrcasing sympathetic nerve activity would be expected to (A) decrease the slope of the pacemaker potential. (B) cause vasodilation. (C) decrease heart rate. (D) increase venous return.

38. Assuming that systolic blood pressure is 120 mmiig, diastolic blood pressure is 60 mmHg, cardiac output is 5 L/min, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mi, end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 ml. What is the estimated total peripheral resistance (TPR) ? (A) 14 mmHg.min/I.. (B) 16 mmHg.min/L. (C) 18mmHg.min/L. (D) 20 mmHg,min/L.

39. Which of the following is TRUE regarding metabolism ? (A) Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose and released into the bloodstream in the absorptive state of metabolism. (B) Glucose is converted to fatty acids and glycerol-3-phosphate by liver cells in the absorptive state of metabolism. (C) Excessive amounts of dietary amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver. (D) Excess absorbed glucose could be converted to triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins by adipose cells.

40. Which of the following could increase gluconeogenesis? (A) Increased plasma cortisol levels. (B) Decreased plasma glucagon levels. (C) Decreased plasma epinephrine levels. (D) Increased plasma incretin levels.

41. Which of the following is NOT true regarding cholesterol ? (A) HDLs remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues, carry it to the liver, and secrete it into the small intestine. (B) Plasma cholesterol concentration is associated with atherosclerosis. (C) Cholesterol solubility in bile depends on the concentration of lecithin and bile salts. (D) Estrogens could increase the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) ratio.

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