42. Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
(A) cell-signaling pathways
(B) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
(C) activation of cellular enzymes
(D) fragmentation of the DNA
(E) lysis of the cell

43. How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system? (A) The molecular composition of their surface changes continually. (B) They reproduce so fast that they can compensate for the death rate caused by the immune system. (C) They live only in the cerebrospinal fluid, where the immune system can't reach them. (D) They specifically poison helper T cells. (E) All of the listed responses are correct.

44. What is the main abiotic reservoir for elements, such as calcium and phosphorus, involved in local biogeochemical cycles? (A) oceans. (B) wind. (C) the atmosphere. (D) rivers. (E) soil.

45. B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that (A) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. (B) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. (C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. (D) are active only in lymph nodes. (E) bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

46. If microorganisms penetrate the innate defenses, an inflammatory response may be initiated by the __________. (A) release of interferon by infected cells (B) discharge of cytokines from neutrophils (C) increased blood flow to an infected or injured area (D) accumulation of phagocytes in an injured area (E) release of chemicals such as histamine by mast cells

47. Which class of glial cells contribute most to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? (A) Schwann cells (B)ependymal cells (C)neurons (D)astrocytes (E)radial glia

48. The cell walls of fungal cells are composed of _____. (A) lignin (B) chitin (C) pectin (D) peptidoglycan (E) cellulose

49. Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus? (A) IgG (B) IgD (C) IgA (D) IgE (E) IgM

50. New flu shots are needed every year to protect against infection because of (A) a direct attack on the immune system (B) expiration (C) antigenic variation (D) latency (E) none of the listed reasons

1 下列何者不是發電機之廠試，應作之試驗？ (A) 低壓試驗 (B) 負載特性試驗 (C) 過負荷試驗 (D) 超速試驗

2 柴油機以起動空氣起動者，起動試驗之起動次數規定，何者正確？ (A) 可逆轉之機器需 12次以上 (B) 不可逆轉之機器需12次以上 (C) 可逆轉之機器需6次以上 (D) 不可逆轉之機器需10次以上

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