44. Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more _____.
(A)juxtamedullary nephrons
(B)urinary bladders
(C) ureters
(D) podocytes

45. Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of thyroxine? (A)There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue. (B)Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. (C) Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus. (D) Different releasing hormones release thyroxine to different tissues.

46. You decide to study two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2. What would you expect to observe if you examined the reproductive tracts of the female birds in the species? (A) Females of species 2 would have sperm from multiple males in their reproductive tracts. (B) Females of species 1 would have sperm from multiple males in their reproductive tracts, but would only use their partners' sperm to fertilize eggs. (C) Ovaries of species 1 are larger than those of species 2. (D) Females of species 1 would produce more oocytes.

47. In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females. Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic contribution from the males. Why do you think sperm are necessary for reproduction? (A) The sperm allow morphogenesis to proceed. (B) Sperm trigger egg activation. (C) Cell differentiation is initiated by the sperm. (D) Sperm are necessary to produce a diploid zygote.

48. What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier? (A)The action potential would be propagated nearly instantaneously to the synapse. (B)There could be no action potential generated at the axon hillock. (C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels. (D) Only potassium could move across the membrane, but not sodium.

49. After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? (A)the left frontal lobe (B)the right frontal lobe (C) the right parietal lobe (D) the corpus callosum

50. Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects and that they can find batteries buried under sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that (A)a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow. (B)an insect avoids being stepped on. (C) a star-nosed mole locates its prey in tunnels. (D) a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river.

1. Which one of the following accounts for increased lactate formation in muscle under anaerobiosis?(A) Inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate(B) Provision of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate for the phosphoglyceromutase reaction(C) Inhibition of pyruvate kinase by pyruvate(D) Provision of a proper form of coenzyme for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(E) Inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1 by AMP

2. A human cell line is transfected with a sIRNA targeted toward MEK. When such cells are treated with agrowth factor which works through a tyrosine kinase receptor, which one of the following effects wouldoccur?(A) Activation of ERK(B) Activation of Myс(C) Activation of phosphollpase (PLC-v)(D) Activation of Fos(E) Activation of STAТ

3. In muscle, under anaerobic conditions, what is the net synthesis of ATP starting from one mole of glucosederived from muscle glycogen?(A) 1 mole of ATP(B) 2 moles of ATP(C) 3 moles of ATP(D) 4 moles of ATP(E) 5 moles of ATP

4. Which of the following is the compound A?(A) Citroyl-CoA(B) Citrate(C) 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid(D) 2-Hydroxypropane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid(E) 1-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

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