6. Which drug below is less likely an option for inhibiting central sensitization following acute postoperative pain:
(A) NMDA antagonist
(B) Opioid
(C) COX2-inhibitor
(D) Pre-emptive analgesia
(E) Gabapentin

7. A 61-year-old woman presents to the pain clinic with a chief complaint of left shoulder and arm pain 3 years after undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer. Physical examination reveals lymphedema of the left axilla with noticeable skin changes. Examination of the left supraclavicular area precipitates a sharp pain that radiates down her left arm. Which of the following is her likely diagnosis? (A) Tumor metastasis (B) Cervical radiculopathy (C) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (D) Thrombangitis obliterans (E) Radiation-induced plexopathy

8. Which of the following is not true about post-mastectomy pain? (A) Mastectomy may result in chronic pain in as many as half of those patients. (B) This pain often starts immediately or a few days postoperatively. (C) This pain is usually neuropathic in character. (D) It is suspected that the intercostobrachial nerve is often damaged during axillary node dissection (E) The incidence of phantom breast syndrome 1 year after surgery is less than 5%.

9. According to the long-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) pain rating index scores, which of the following acute pain status is rated the highest pain score? (A) Amputation of digit (B) Labor pain (C) Abdominal gynecological surgery (D) Fracture. (E) Lower abdominal surgery (males)

10. Which of the following symptom is not often seen in patients with physical dependence (abstinence syndrome -(withdrawal) ) ? (A) abdominal cramps (B) constipationn (C) vomiting (D) pupil dilatation (E) sweating

11. About chemical neurolytic nerve blocks, which one of following statements is wrong? (A) Phenol or ethanol is usually used for chemical denervation. (B) The duration of these blocks is often disappointingly brief. (C) They may induce deafferentation-neuropathic type pain. (D) They are often indicated for patients with chronic pain and a normal life expectancy. (E) They can be used in patients with advanced cancer disease.

12. Which of the following combination of lesion site with referral site describing pain referral is not common in cancer patients suffering from cancer pain? (A) (Diaphragmatic irritation) and (Shoulder) (B) (Urothelial tract) and (Inguinal region and genitalia) (C) (C7–T1 vertebrae) and (Interscapular) (D) (L1–2) and (Sacroiliac joint and hip) (E) all of the above are common found in patients with cancre pain

13. About image-guided lumbar sympathetic block, which the following indication is not proper? (A) Sympathetically maintained pain (B) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (C) Phantom low limb pain (D) Raynaud’s disease (E) Chronic pancreatitis

14. Which one of the following statement about the pathophysiology of herpes zoster is wrong? (A) Herpes zoster most commonly manifests in the distribution of a single dorsal sensory or cranial nerve ganglion. (B) Why the reactivation of virus occurs in one ganglion when latent virus is present throughout the patient’s sensory ganglia is clear. (C) Declining cellular immunity is a major risk factor for reactivation of the virus, which is thought to occur when cell-mediated immunity falls below a critical level. (D) This impression is supported by evidence that even individuals with adequate levels of serum antibodies to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen can, over time, exhibit T cells with reduced ability to proliferate and defend against VZV infections. (E) Cell-mediated immunity appears to play a crucial role in preventing reactivation of latent VZV.

15. 關於 cordotomy 的敘述，下列何者錯誤？ Ablation 目標是 spinothalamic tract (A) Indication 是 bilateral 的 pelvic、flank、chest wall pain (B)因為 opioids treatment 的進步以及 intrathecal pain pump 的發展，cordotomy 的施行比以 前減少 (C)手術方式通常是在 C1/2 level 經皮施行 (D)手術也可在 mid-to-upper thoracic level(T4)施行

16. Which of the following cell type sense the initial “endanger signal” and participates in the initial phase of pathogenesis of the nerve injury induced neuropathic pain? (A) Microglia (B) Spinal lamina I and II neuron (C) Astrocyte (D) oligodendrocyte

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