6. Which of the following techniques was key in demonstrating the presynapsis and synapsis steps of homologous recombination?
(A) exonuclease digestion
(B) DNA footprinting
(C) Southern Blot
(D) electron microscopy

7. Which strategy can be used for determining the half-life of protein? (A) Mass spectrometry (B) Two-dimensional electrophoresis (C) Pulse-chase labeling (D) Western blotting

8. Which sequence signature determines the initiation site of translation in bacteria? (A) TATA-box (B) Kozak sequence (C)Shine-Dalgarno sequence (D) 5'-capping region

9. Which statement is correct about ribosome-mediated protein translation in bacteria? (A) The mRNA must be translated after the mRNA is completely transcribed. (B) The aminoacyl-tRNA enters ribosome through P site. (C) The IF-1 binds to A site to inhibit premature binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. (D) The specific sequence element is not required for translation initiation.

10. The lac repressor protein binds to (A) lactose and DNA. (B) RNA polymerase. (C) RNA polymerase and DNA. (D) beta-galactosidase, permease, and transacetylase.

11. The term "satellite" DNA refers to (A) extrachromosomal DNA fragments that are found close to (orbiting) the full-length chromosomes (B) mitochondrial DNA, which is circular in nature (C) long tandem repeats of simple DNA sequences (D) mobile DNA elements such as transposons and insertion sequences

12. What's a snRNP? (A) a nuclear complex of proteins and catalytic RNA (B) a particle required for recognition of the N-terminal signal sequence at the beginning of proteins destined for the cell membrane (C) an enzymatic complex required for transcription initiation in eukaryotes (D) none of above

13. Which of the following best describes thymine dimers? (A) intrastrand crosslinks induced by UV radiation (B) most commonly produced through oxidative damage to DNA, which is caused by the by-products of mitochondrial respiration (C) recognized by MutS and excised by MutH, when MutH is activated by MutL (D) byproducts of DNA replication, formed when one dTTP molecule is mistakenly linked to another rather than to the 3' end of the growing strand

14. A mutation in the lac operator that prevents it from serving its normal function will result in (A) expression of the operon even in the absence of lactose (B) repression of the operon even in the presence of lactose (C) expression of the operon even in the presence of glucose (D) repression of the operon even in the absence of glucose

15. Topo II is important in DNA replication because... (A) it induces positive supercoils ahead of the replication fork (B) it induces negative supercoils, facilitating unwinding of the DNA helix (C) it separates the two template strands from each other, providing a single-stranded template for DNA polymerase (D) topo II is not important for DNA replication, only topo I is required

16. A circular 11-nm chromatin fiber contains 100 nucleosomes. If this chromatin fiber are depleted of histone proteins and treated with an endonuclease to produce one single-strand break, what would the DNA look like? (A) a relaxed circular DNA duplex containing about 20,000 base pairs (B) a relaxed circular DNA duplex containing about 2,000 base pairs (C) a supercoiled DNA containing about 100 negative supercoils (D) a supercoiled DNA containing about 100 positive supercoils

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