8. The number of IR-active CO stretching bands in cis-M(CO)₂L₂ vs trans-M(CO)₂L₂ differs mainly because:
(A) The force constant differs only
(B) Cis has higher symmetry than trans
(C) The reducible representation of CO stretches reduces differently
(D) Raman selection rules forbid all CO stretches in cis
(E) CO stretches are always degenerate

9. Which statement about phosphine ligands (PR₃) in transition-metal catalysis is correct? (A) Electron-withdrawing phosphine ligands generally accelerate oxidative addition (B) Bulky phosphine ligands tend to stabilize low-coordination-number metal centers (C) Trialkylphosphines (e.g., PMe₃) are weaker σ-donors than triarylphosphines (e.g., PPh₃) (D) Increasing the cone angle of a phosphine ligand always decreases the reaction rate (E) Phosphine ligands mainly function as π-acceptors rather than σ-donors

10. A 0.10 M solution of CH₃COOH has a measured pH = 2.87 at 25 °C. Which of the following pKa values is closest to that of acetic acid? (A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 3.0 (D) 4.0 (E) 5.0

11. For an octahedral d⁵ high-spin complex, the very weak visible absorption is best rationalized by: (A) Δ₀ is zero (B) Only Laporte-forbidden transitions exist (C) Only spin-forbidden transitions exist (no spin-allowed excited states) (D) Charge-transfer bands dominate and remove all d-d transitions (E) The complex is colorless by definition 

12. Which of the following statements correctly defines or describes a *superacid*? (A) A superacid is any acid stronger than sulfuric acid in terms of molarity (B) A superacid is an acid whose Hammett acidity function $(\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{a}})$ is lower than that of pure sulfuric acid (C) A superacid is an acid that can protonate only strong bases such as amines (D) A superacid always contains fluorine and antimony elements (E) A superacid is an acid that is always stronger than sulfuric acid in water

13. In an $\mathrm{O_h}$ field, the ground term for a $d^2$ free ion $(^{3}F)$ splits into: (A) $\mathrm{A_{1g} + E_g}$ (B) $\mathrm{A_{2g} + T_{1g} + T_{2g}}$ (C) $\mathrm{T_{1u} + T_{2u}}$ (D) $\mathrm{E_g + T_{2u}}$ (E) $\mathrm{A_{2u} + E_u}$

14. Which of the following acids is the *strongest* under aqueous conditions? (A) Chloroacetic acid (B) Acetic acid (C) Phenol (D) Prussic acid (E) Propionic acid

15. Based on the HSAB principle, which of the following metal-ligand pairs is expected to exhibit the strongest covalent bonding character? (A) $\mathrm{Mg^{2+}}$ with $\mathrm{F^{-}}$ (B) $\mathrm{Ag^{+}}$ with $\mathrm{I^{-}}$ (C) $\mathrm{Pt^{2+}}$ with $\mathrm{CN^{-}}$ (D) $\mathrm{Pt^{2+}}$ with $\mathrm{S^{2-}}$ (E) $\mathrm{Al^{3+}}$ with $\mathrm{OH^{-}}$

16. Which factor most often increases $\Delta_{\mathrm{o}}$ for first-row transition metal complexes (all ligand/coordination number/structure equal)? (A) Decreasing oxidation state (B) Changing ligand from $\mathrm{CN^{-}}$ to $\mathrm{I^{-}}$ (C) Increasing metal oxidation state (D) Going from $5d$ to $3d$ metal (E) Lower coordination number always increases $\Delta_{\mathrm{o}}$

17. Which of the following statements correctly describes an intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state in a donor-acceptor (D-A) molecule? (A) The ICT state arises from a $\sigma \rightarrow \sigma^{*}$ transition localized on the donor unit (B) The ICT excited state typically involves electron transfer from the acceptor HOMO to the donor LUMO (C) The ICT state usually shows low sensitivity to solvent polarity (D) The ICT transition generally corresponds to electron density shifting from the donor to the acceptor upon excitation (E) Strong ICT character always leads to phosphorescence at room temperature 

18. Which of the following statements about lithium (Li) is correct? (A) Li shows the weakest hydration enthalpy among the alkali metals (B) Li readily forms a stable $\mathrm{Li}^{-}$ anion in aqueous solution (C) Li is widely used in Li-ion batteries because of its small ionic radius (D) Li exhibits strong relativistic effects similar to Cesium (E) $\mathrm{Li}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ is acidic in nature

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