80.當牙齦是在健康情況下，以大於0.5 N的力探測人工植體周圍的牙齦溝，通常牙周探測具的前端（直徑0.5 mm）會落在何項解剖位置內？
(A)牙齦溝內
(B)連接上皮（junctional epithelium）
(C)結締組織內，但較近連接上皮（junctional epithelium）端
(D)結締組織內，但逼近齒槽骨

Ericsson and Lindhe (1993) used the model of Berglundh et  al. (1991) referred to earlier and, hence, had both teeth and implants available for examination. The gingiva at mandibular premolars and the mucosa at correspondingly positioned implants (Brånemark System®) were, after extended periods of plaque control, considered clinically healthy. A probe with a tip diameter of 0.5 mm was inserted into the buccal “pocket” using a standardized force of 0.5 N. The probe was anchored to the tooth or to the implant and biopsies from the various sites were performed. The histologic examination of the biopsy material revealed that probing the dentogingival interface had resulted in a slight compression of the gingival tissue. The tip of the probe was located coronal to the apical cells of the junctional epithelium. At the implant sites, probing caused both compression and a lateral dislocation of the peri‐implant mucosa, and the average “histologic” probing depth was markedly deeper than at the tooth site: 2.0 mm versus 0.7 mm. The tip of the probe was consistently positioned deep in the connective tissue–abutment interface and apical of the barrier epithelium. The distance between the probe tip and the bone crest at the tooth sites was about 1.2 mm. The corresponding distance at the implant site was 0.2 mm.

植體探測：

標準力道（約 0.2～0.25 N）：探針的前端停留在apical of barrier/junctional epithelium

大於 0.5 N ：由於植體周圍只有平行的結締組織纖維，因此當施加重力進行探測時，探針前端會輕易突破上皮層並穿透平行的結締組織，直到遭遇底層堅硬的構造，也就是逼近齒槽骨（alveolar bone crest）的位置才會停止

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標準建議探測力道：0.2～0.25 N

健康牙齒：penetrated the junctional epithelium to about two-thirds of its length

牙周炎：it stopped 0.1 mm short of its apical end.