(三) A 公司的固定成本（total fixed expenses）總額為何？（6 分）

A. The United Kingdom’s Parliament in London recently legalized same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, which had been the last UK constituent country to bar gay and lesbian couples from marrying. Same-sex marriages also became legal this year in Ecuador, Taiwan and Austria. In a number of countries that have recently legalized same-sex marriage, the impetus for legal change came through the courts. For example, the May 17 vote in Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan (the official name of the nation’s unicameral parliament) was prompted by a 2017 decision by the country’s Constitutional Court, which struck down a law defining marriage as a union between a man and woman. Likewise, Austria’s legalization of gay marriage at the beginning of 2019 came after a 2017 ruling by the country’s Constitutional Court. In the United States, the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationwide in a 2015 ruling. Worldwide, most of the countries that allow gay marriage are in Western Europe. Still, a number of Western European nations, including Italy and Switzerland, do not allow same-sex unions. And, so far, no countries in Central and Eastern Europe have legalized gay marriage. (BY DAVID MASCI AND DREW DESILVER)

B.[Imitation is not plagiarism] Such a proceeding is not theft, it is like obtaining a pattern from beautiful forms or images or other works of art. Plato would not have reared so many flowers among the precepts of philosophy . . . if he had not, I tell you, striven with all his heart against Homer for the preeminence. (By Longinus)

A.敬愛的委員們： 我以前財管系的學生王志銘請我幫他寫推薦信，想申請貴研究所的助教獎學金。如你們會在本校提供的成績單上所見，他所修的課幾乎是全 A。這樣的學業表現確實值得獎勵； 不過，就我個人對王同學的觀察，他似乎喜歡耍點小聰明，做事有些投機。也許這是我個人對他的偏見，希望不會影響貴委員會依據客觀資料所做的判斷。如果您們想要進一步的了解，可隨時與我聯繫。藍天賜 敬上 財管系助理教授 Email: [email protected]

B. 詩的實用概念的表現，可以在《詩經》中找到；它相傳是孔子所編，且成為儒家經典的第 一部作品。這本詩選中有些詩的作者，宣稱他們的意圖是在諷諫統治者或官員。(《中國 文學理論》劉若愚著。杜國清譯。)

1. Please discuss the processes involved in reading and listening using a graph of your own creation. Be sure to explain the extent to which the two processes may be similar and how best to support learners in developing reading and listening skills. (25%)

2. Some language teaching methods in TESOL textbooks or courses are often regarded as simply inapplicable or difficult to apply in the real-world classroom context. Please name one of such methods and discuss the reasons behind the difficulty. Why then is it still necessary for teachers to study all of the methods? (25%)

3. An instructor would like to know whether students write better after a semester of using some innovative software. S/he picked a class and compared students' "after" writing performance with their "before" to see if they have changed. Comment on the appropriateness of this instructor's way to attempt to attribute changes to the treatment. (25%)

4. Many language teachers and teacher educators would like to draw analogies between L1 and L2 acquisition and justify certain teaching methods and techniques on the basis of L1 learning principles. However, it has long been contended that direct comparisons between L1 and L2 acquisition must be treated with extreme caution. Do you agree or disagree? Please explain. (25%)

1. Listening comprehension is a process in which listeners make sense of incoming utterances. What abilities are needed for English language learners to comprehend what they hear? Among the English listening abilities you describe, select two that you think are most important, and explain what test items or questions can be used to assess the abilities. (25%)

2. Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is one of the frequently used methods in English teaching. Please explain major features or characteristics of TBLT. Give one example to illustrate how the method is applied to teaching English writing. (25%)

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