(二)承上題，若政府決定實施減稅，使淨稅收T減少100（降至700）。假設消費者將減稅額的一半用於增加消費，另一半用於增加私人儲蓄（即C增加50，Sp增加50），而政府購買G與投資I保持不變。請計算新的經常帳餘額（CA'）；從儲蓄–投資恆等式出發，簡述何謂「雙赤字」，並說明「經常帳赤字是否必然代表一國經濟體質惡化」？（15分）

一、As a country continues to enhance its comprehensive state power—including its military, economic, and technological capabilities, as well as its participation and influence in international organizations—how should the existing hegemon respond to the rise of such country? In formulating your answer, consider whether the two countries share similar or different regime types, whether they are engaged in economic and trade relations and the extent of their mutual interdependence, and whether they participate in the same international institutions. Discuss these factors in detail. (20 points)

二、When a state must, on the one hand, devote every effort to reach the enormous electricity demands of artificial intelligence (AI) in order to maintain its technological competitiveness, while, on the other hand, to fulfill its commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Paris Agreement, how should it reconcile these competing imperatives? Put differently, when the costs of developing and deploying green energy cannot, in the short term, provide electricity at a sufficiently competitive price to support a country’s AI development, should that country prioritize its own national interests, abandon its commitments to global warming governance, and increase its reliance on lower-cost fossil fuels? (20 points)

三、Please identify the “Atlantic Charter,” and its background. What were the details of the Charter? To what extent did the Charter impact the international order after the WWII? (17 points)

四、Please elaborate the origins of the Vietnam War and the reason of American intervention in the war. (18 points)

一、What are the sources of international law? Can the emerging international soft law serve as a source of international law? Please elaborate with examples. （25 分）

二、During the Russia-Ukraine conflict, multiple reports indicated that both Russian and Ukrainian armed forces have used cluster munitions. These weapons, upon detonation, disperse a large number of submunitions, can produce strategic deterrent effects. However, due to their lack of precision, they often cause extensive and indiscriminate harm in populated area. Furthermore, cluster munitions have a high failure rate, frequently resulting in unexploded ordnance (UXO), also known as "duds," which pose a significant threat to civilians long after the conflict ends. The 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) explicitly prohibits the use, development, stockpiling, acquisition, transfer and production of such weapons, but neither Russia nor Ukraine is a State Party to the Convention.Please analyze whether the use of cluster munitions complies with the rules of international humanitarian law.（25 分）

三、"The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities" has been developed in the field of international environmental law in order to take into account the different needs of developed and developing countries. Please illustrate the historical development and contemporary application of this principle.（25 分）

(一)請說明該需求曲線斜率的符號（正或負） ，並寫出其代表的經濟學法則名稱。（7 分）

(二)請分別從「替代效果（Substitution Effect）」及「所得效果（Income 」二個面向說明該商品價格 P 的上漲對其需求量 QD 的影響。 Effect） （10 分）

(三)當市場價格 P = 15 時，請計算與評論該需求曲線的需求彈性屬於富有彈性（Elastic）、單一彈性（Unit Elastic），還是缺乏彈性（Inelastic）？ （8 分）

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