(a) Describe Koch's postulates. (4%)

(b) What kinds of strategies could be used if the application of some of Koch's postulates is at times not feasible(可實行的)?(4%)

(a) No signal or weak signal (2 points)

(b) Non-specific bands (2 points)

(a) What is "aptamer" in thiM mRNA? (2 points)

(b) How does the change of thiM mRNA secondary structure affect translation initiation? (2 points)

43. What is a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence? Why is it important in designing a CRISPR/Cas experiment?

44. The "UK variant"--lineage B.1.1.7 of SARS-CoV-2 has raised widespread concern these days. In the UK variant, several nuclcotide mutations were found on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of viral spike protein, but only one amino acid change N501Y was characterized. Please explain why other RBD nucleotide mutations are silent?

45. All eukaryotes have three different RNA polymerases. Match the name of each RNA polymerases in Column I to its correct description in Column II. Options from Column I can be used more than once. Column I (1) RNA polymerasc I (2) RNA polymerase II (3) RNA polymerase III Column II A. Transcribing the genes for the two large rRNA molecules. B. Transcribing most eukaryotic genes that encode proteins. C. Transc cribing the genes for 5S rRNA and other small RNA molecules. D. Transcribing the genes for tRNA.

Part2問答題(每十分,共四十分請在【答案卷】務必依序作答) 1. Please explain the process of how human body synthesize Oleic acid, C18:1, A9. Please include the steps of lipid elongation process, Acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH and 09 desaturase in your explanation.

2. Please explain under which condition, lactate would be formed in muscle and how the lactate in muscle can be recycled to glucose in the liver. Please explain your answer based on [NADP] and [NAD+ in muscles and liver.

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