一、熱量的傳送（熱傳）包括熱傳導（conduction） 、熱對流（convection）和熱輻射（radiation） 。BLEVE（Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion） 常發生於火場中內裝易燃性液體的儲槽，其後果除了爆風（blast）和容器碎片外，常常伴隨著火球（fire ball） 。於 BLEVE 的形成過程中，火場中燃燒產生的熱量由燃燒的火焰如何經由熱傳傳送至儲槽內的易燃性液體？請說明。

二、當易燃性物質外洩後被點燃，若火焰傳播速度（flame propagation speed） 未增加時會形成閃火（flash fire） 。說明工業火災中的閃火和蒸氣雲爆炸 （vapor cloud explosion）最主要的差別及閃火的危害。

一、Please translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese. Ships sailing in narrow waters entails increased risks of collision or grounding. Therefore, prior to commencing a passage in such waters, a risk analysis should be carried out as part of the safety management system to ensure that back-up systems are always available.（14 分） When navigating in confined waters, it is essential to maintain a sharp visual lookout with frequent visits to the bridge wings on both sides of the ship. It is forbidden to overtake in narrow and confined waters as well as all precautionary areas. When the captain or the pilot is in doubt about the navigational intentions of the other ships in vicinity, a warning whistle signal of 5 short blasts shall be made considering navigation safety.（16 分）

⑴除對被追越船外，對正橫前方之船舶朝左轉向。

⑵對正橫方向或正橫後方之船舶轉向。

(一) Anchorage

(二) Approaches

(三) Breakwater

(四) Deadweight

四、Bridge Resources Management (BRM) is widely accepted as a best practice for ship navigation and the BRM training has become important and mandatory in the maritime industry. Pilots around the world have been strong supporters of BRM and a number of countries have modified BRM concepts to address the particular demands to challenge compulsory pilots who are not members of a ship crew. If you were an administrator who is asked to organize BRM courses specifically designed for pilots, what would be the key points which should be incorporated into the course contents? Also what would be the course objectives? Please present your discussion in English. (around 300 words)（30 分）

一、各國海圖上所載之資料有那些？請舉出十項。（20 分）

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