2. 首先定義效率與公平,之後列舉一項政府支出政策及一項租稅政策,並評論其是否符合效率與公平。若有相關圖形,請繪圖輔助說明。(30分)

3. 說明補助款的功能,並繪圖討論指定用途補助款(categorical grants or conditional grants)和一般性補助款(noncategorical grants or unconditional grants)的經濟效果有何不同。(30分)

1. Equivalent Variation

2. Purchasing Power Parity

3. Monetary Neutrality

a. What is the unregulated competitive equilibrium quantity and price?

b. What is the social optimal quantity and price?

c. What specific tax rate \( t \) (per unit) would result in the social optimum?

2. (10%)Consider the Solow growth model without technological change. The production function is $Y = K^{1/3}L^{2/3}$, where K and L represent the total capital and workers used, respectively. The parameters of the model are given by s = 0.36 (savings rate) and d = 0.04 (depreciation rate). Let k denote capital per worker; y output per worker; c consumption per worker; i investment per worker. Find the steadystate level of the capitallabor ratio, $k^*$, if the population grows at fixed rate n = 5%.

3. (10%)Use the classical ADAS model to analyze the following statement, and show what would happen in the long run if such advice were followed by the Central Bank: The increase in the stock market has increased people's wealth. As a result, their consumption has increased, increasing aggregate demand and output. Hence the Central Bank needs to increase the money supply, since with higher income, people's demand for real money balances will be higher.

a. Let \( P_{x} \) and \( P_{y} \) be the price of \( x \) and \( y \). Calculate the expenditure function for \( x \) and \( y \).

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