2. How do we know that mRNAs are read in the 5'→ 3' direction? 

三、翻譯題The template strand of the DNA is copied during transcription, and its sequence is the complement of the RNA transcript. The coding strand of the DNA has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T in the DNA and U in the RNA). Hence, for example, the start codon for transcription is 5'-ATG in the coding strand of the DNA and 5'-AUG in the mRNA. By convention, gene, promoter, and regulatory sequences in DNA are written as they appear in the coding strand. 

二、問答題1. Explain with words, diagrams, or structures why lactate accumulates in the blood during bursts of very vigorous exercise (such as a 100-meter dash). 

2. Briefly describe the relationship of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction to glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 

三、翻譯題The template strand of the DNA is copied during transcription, and its sequence is the complement of the RNA transcript. The coding strand of the DNA has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T in the DNA and U in the RNA). Hence, for example, the start codon for transcription is 5'-ATG in the coding strand of the DNA and 5'-AUG in the mRNA. By convention, gene, promoter, and regulatory sequences in DNA are written as they appear in the coding strand. 

1. Transcription start site

2. Alternative splicing

3. DNA dependent RNA polymerase

4. Frame shift mutation

5. Reverse transcriptase

三、翻譯題   One of the most difficult and interesting mysteries surrounding the origin of life is exactly how the genetic material could have formed starting from simpler molecules present on the early earth. Judging from the roles that RNA has in modern cells, it seems likely that RNA appeared before DNA. When modern cells make proteins, they first copy genes from DNA into RNA and then use the RNA as a blueprint to make proteins. This last stage could have existed independently at first. Later on, DNA could have appeared as a more permanent form of storage, thanks to its superior chemical stability. 

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