7. (3%) Indicate the order in which the following compounds wound be eluted from an HPLC column containing a reversed-phase packing: acetone, dichloroethane, acetamide.

8. (4%) Why is atomic emission more sensitive to flame instability than atomic absorption or fluorescence?

9. (4%) Explain the working principle of the cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine mercury.

10. (8%) What is the purpose of an internal standard in ICP-MS? List the characteristics that are often cited as requirements for a good internal standard.

11. (4%) Explain why molecular fluorescence often occurs at a longer wavelength than the exciting radiation.

12. (5%) Quinine in a 2.196-g tablet was dissolved in a sufficient 0.10 M HCI to give 1.000 L. Dilution of a 20.00-mL aliquot to 100 mL gave a solution with a reading of 540 at 347.5 nm. A second 20.00-mL aliquot was mixed with 10.0 mL of 50 ppm quinine solution before dilution to 100 mL. The fluorescence intensity of this solution was 600. Calculate the concentration in parts per million of quinine in the tablet.

(a) Describe the working principle of voltammetry.

(b) Suggest how the Equation list below could be employed to deternine the number of electrons involved in a reversible reaction at a voltammetric electrode.

(a) the transmittance and absorbance of the absorbing solution.

(b) the transmittance to be expected if the light path through the original solution is doubled.

15. (7%) (a) Describe the source of pH-dependence in a glass membrane electrode. (b) The cell  has a potential of 0.2094 V when the solution in the right-hand compartment is a buffer of pH 4.006. The following potential is obtained when the buffer is replaced with an unknown solution: -0.2910 V. Calculate the pH and the hydrogen ion activity of the unknown solution.

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