7. The nematode C. elegans is considered a 'Model Organism.' Explain what this term means. Why does studying the DNA of a simple worm help us understand complex human diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's?

8. The development of mRNA vaccines represents a paradigm shift in vaccinology, moving from the delivery of exogenous antigens to the delivery of genetic instructions. Critically evaluate the role of the Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) and the host ribosome in the efficacy of an mRNA vaccine. Explain why the mRNA must be chemically modified (e.g., using pseudouridine) to bypass the host's innate immune sensors. Finally, describe the intracellular pathway by which the resulting protein is presented on the cell surface via MHC class I molecules.

7. The nematode C. elegans is considered a 'Model Organism.' Explain what this term means. Why does studying the DNA of a simple worm help us understand complex human diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's?

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