114年 - [無官方正解]114 國立中興大學_碩士班招生考試試題_生物醫學研究所：生物化學#139094

1. Which one is the component of linker histone? (2 points)
(A)H1
(B)H2A
(C)H2B
(D)H3
(E)H4

2. If a DNA strand contains the sequence 5'-ATTCCGGATCGA-3', which of the following is the sequence of the complementary DNA strand? (2 points)
(A)5'-TAAGGCCTAGCT-3'
(B)5'-ATTCCGGATCGA-3'
(C)3'-TAACCGGTACGT-5'
(D)5'-TCGATCCGGAAT-3'

3. During the denaturation of DNA, which of the following happens? (2 points)
(A)Phosphodiester bonds break within the sugar-phosphate backbone.
(B)Hydrogen bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone break.
(C)Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break.
(D)Phosphodiester bonds between complementary bases break.

4. Hemophilia (type A) is an X-linked recessive disease. Mary and her husband are both unaffected; however, their first son has hemophilia. What is the possibility of being affected by hemophilia for their next children? (2 points)
(A)50%
(B)25%
(C)6.25%
(D)12.5%

5. Three alleles of a polymorphic locus have been found in a particular gene of a diploid organism. If all homozygous are lethal, how many different genotypes will be observed? (2 points)
(A)12
(B)3
(C)9
(D)6

6. A previously unknown cell type is discovered in the central nervous system of a laboratory strain of mice. In cell-culture experiments, researchers find that the cell type can self-renew, but can only differentiate into one cell type. Which of the following best characterizes this cell type? (2 points)
(A)Unipotent embryonic stem cell
(B)Unipotent somatic stem cell
(C)Multipotent somatic stem cell
(D)Multipotent embryonic stem cell

7. Which of the following principal bases of nucleic acid are pyrimidines? (2 points)
A. Adenine
B. Uracil
C. Thymine
D. Guanine
E. Cytosine
(A)AD
(B)BCE
(C)ABC
(D)DE
(E)CE

8. Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways? (2 points)
(A)It sends its signal molecules through the blood.
(B)It sends its signal molecules quite a distance.
(C)It requires calcium ions.
(D)It requires the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor.
(E)It persists over a long period.

9. Which of the following controls the development of an adult structure? (2 points)
(A)homeotic gene
(B)structural gene
(C)regulator gene
(D)proto-oncogene

10. If you want to clone a DNA fragment into vector shown below, what are required to select clones with insert DNA? (2 points)
（pUC19 plasmid diagram: lacZa, Polylinker, amp, ori 各功能區段）
A. Ampicillin
B. Lac operon
C. IPTG
D. Amphotericin B
E. X-gal.
F. Amphetamine
(A)AB
(B)CEF
(C)ACE
(D)BE
(E)CDE

11. There are four polypeptides with the following primary sequences (from the N-terminus to the C-terminus): (2.5 points)
(1) MSDSQNPWGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAKYCHT
(2) MSDSKKQRGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAAIKRKT
(3) MSAMSLNVGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAALIPDH
(4) MTSMCDDEGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAEDDCY
Which polypeptide is most suitable for purification by cation exchange chromatography?
(A)Polypeptide (1)
(B)Polypeptide (2)
(C)Polypeptide (3)
(D)Polypeptide (4)

12. Which type of RNA shown below serves as a template for protein translation? (2.5 points)
(A)Circular RNA (circRNA)
(B)MicroRNA (miRNA)
(C)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(D)Transfer RNA (tRNA)

13. The disulfide bond is a critical force in establishing the secondary structure of a protein. Which protein shown below contains disulfide bonds? (2.5 points)
(A)Cytosolic proteins
(B)Integral membrane proteins
(C)Mitochondrial matrix proteins
(D)Nuclear proteins

14. All of the cell-death forms shown below are characterized as programmed cell death, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)
(A)Apoptosis
(B)Ferroptosis
(C)Necrosis
(D)Pyroptosis

15. Most proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen have a tetrapeptide (KDEL) at their C-terminus. Where would ER-resident proteins lacking the C-terminal KDEL be destined for? (2.5 points)
(A)The cytosol
(B)The Golgi apparatus
(C)The plasma membrane
(D)The extracellular space

16. MicroRNA's role in gene regulation has been acknowledged by the award of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 2024. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by microRNA to regulate gene expression? (2.5 points)
(A)Blocking protein translation
(B)Cleaving the mRNA
(C)Inhibiting transcription initiation
(D)Reducing mRNA stability

17. Human cells begin cell proliferation by entering the cell cycle. Which phase of the cell cycle will be stopped if the cells are treated with a drug that decreases the levels of cyclin B1? (2.5 points)
(A)G0
(B)G1
(C)S
(D)G2/M

18. All of the following statements about the Lac operon are true, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)
(A)The Lac repressor binds to the Lac operon when lactose is absent in the cell.
(B)The Lac operon only produces mRNA when both lactose and glucose are present.
(C)The CAP activator can only bind DNA when it is bound to cAMP.
(D)Even when the CAP activator is bound to DNA, if lactose is not present, the Lac operon will not be transcribed.

19. Under anaerobic conditions, yeast produce ethanol by fermentation of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis. Why? (2.5 points)
(A)Pyruvate to ethanol fermentation reduces toxic CO2 levels.
(B)Glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation changes pyruvate to ethanol.
(C)Ethanol produced from pyruvate regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for starting new rounds of glycolysis.
(D)To add electrons (and protons) to ethanol for making lactate.

20. __________, a form of cell death caused by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix, is critical for preventing adherent-independent cell growth. (2.5 points)
(A)Anoikis
(B)Autophagic cell death
(C)Necroptosis
(D)Paraptosis

21. If you want to detect "protein expression", which methods can be used? (2.5 points)
(A)Eastern blot
(B)Western blot
(C)Southern blot
(D)Northern blot

22. Which one is incorrect? (2.5 points)
(A)Vitamins are often precursors to coenzymes.
(B)Vitamins are small biomolecules that are needed in small amounts in the diets of higher animals.
(C)The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C (ascorbate, an antioxidant) and the vitamin B complex (components of coenzymes).
(D)Ascorbate is required for the hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen, a key protein of connective tissue.
(E)The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin A (a precursor of retinal), D (a regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism), E (an antioxidant in membranes), and K (a participant in the carboxylation of glutamate).

1. CAR-T cell therapy is a novel immunotherapy that has become an effective treatment for hematological malignancies. Describe the principle of CAR-T cell therapy (7 points), and discuss its advantages and challenges in clinical application (6 points). CAR-T 細胞療法是一種新型免疫治療方法，已成為治療血液腫瘤的有效方法。請敘述 CAR-T 細胞療法的原理（7 分），並討論其在臨床應用上的優勢和挑戰（6 分）。

2. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and explain how both immune systems combat infection (6 points). Give examples of diseases resulting from immune system dysfunction (6 points). 比較體液免疫和細胞免疫的機制，並說明兩種免疫系統如何抵抗感染（6 分）。請舉例說明免疫系統失調所導致的疾病（6 分）。

3. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier won The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 for their breakthrough research on CRISPR technology. Please describe their contribution to gene editing. (5 points)

4. Please describe shRNA and siRNA individually, and compare shRNA with siRNA. (7 points) 請分別描述 shRNA 和 siRNA，並比較 shRNA 和 siRNA 兩者差異。（7 分）

5. What is targeted therapy? What are the types of targeted therapy? Please give an example. (7 points) 何謂標靶治療？標靶治療有哪些類型？請舉例說明。（7 分）

6. Please describe "What are free radicals?" "What is oxidative stress?" (6 points) 請描述「什麼是自由基？」「什麼是氧化壓力？」（6 分）