7. Which of the following principal bases of nucleic acid are pyrimidines? (2 points)
A. Adenine
B. Uracil
C. Thymine
D. Guanine
E. Cytosine

(A)AD

(B)BCE

(C)ABC

(D)DE

(E)CE

8. Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways? (2 points)(A)It sends its signal molecules through the blood.(B)It sends its signal molecules quite a distance.(C)It requires calcium ions.(D)It requires the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor.(E)It persists over a long period.

9. Which of the following controls the development of an adult structure? (2 points)(A)homeotic gene(B)structural gene(C)regulator gene(D)proto-oncogene

10. If you want to clone a DNA fragment into vector shown below, what are required to select clones with insert DNA? (2 points)（pUC19 plasmid diagram: lacZa, Polylinker, amp, ori 各功能區段）A. AmpicillinB. Lac operonC. IPTGD. Amphotericin BE. X-gal.F. Amphetamine(A)AB(B)CEF(C)ACE(D)BE(E)CDE

11. There are four polypeptides with the following primary sequences (from the N-terminus to the C-terminus): (2.5 points)(1) MSDSQNPWGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAKYCHT(2) MSDSKKQRGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAAIKRKT(3) MSAMSLNVGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAALIPDH(4) MTSMCDDEGGGGGGGGGGAAAAAAAAEDDCYWhich polypeptide is most suitable for purification by cation exchange chromatography?(A)Polypeptide (1)(B)Polypeptide (2)(C)Polypeptide (3)(D)Polypeptide (4)

12. Which type of RNA shown below serves as a template for protein translation? (2.5 points)(A)Circular RNA (circRNA)(B)MicroRNA (miRNA)(C)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(D)Transfer RNA (tRNA)

13. The disulfide bond is a critical force in establishing the secondary structure of a protein. Which protein shown below contains disulfide bonds? (2.5 points)(A)Cytosolic proteins(B)Integral membrane proteins(C)Mitochondrial matrix proteins(D)Nuclear proteins

14. All of the cell-death forms shown below are characterized as programmed cell death, EXCEPT: (2.5 points)(A)Apoptosis(B)Ferroptosis(C)Necrosis(D)Pyroptosis

15. Most proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen have a tetrapeptide (KDEL) at their C-terminus. Where would ER-resident proteins lacking the C-terminal KDEL be destined for? (2.5 points)(A)The cytosol(B)The Golgi apparatus(C)The plasma membrane(D)The extracellular space

16. MicroRNA's role in gene regulation has been acknowledged by the award of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 2024. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by microRNA to regulate gene expression? (2.5 points)(A)Blocking protein translation(B)Cleaving the mRNA(C)Inhibiting transcription initiation(D)Reducing mRNA stability

17. Human cells begin cell proliferation by entering the cell cycle. Which phase of the cell cycle will be stopped if the cells are treated with a drug that decreases the levels of cyclin B1? (2.5 points)(A)G0(B)G1(C)S(D)G2/M

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