[2pt] 6. Under drought stress, which sequence best represents the early events leading to stomatal closure?

(A) Water loss → guard cell turgor ↑→ stomata open → АВА ↑

(B) АВА ↑→ ion efflux from guard cells → guard cell turgor↓→ stomata close

(C) Photosynthesis↑ sugar ↑→guard cell turgor ↑→ stomata close

(D) Root pressure ↑→ xylem pressure ↑→ stomata close

[2pt] 7. Which statement best reflects a typical feature of plant hormone signaling? (A) Each hormone triggers a single, specific physiological response across all tissues. (B) A hormone always produces the same transcriptional response regardless of environmental conditions. (C) Hormone action is independent of dosage; only presence/absence matters. (D) Plant hormones act only locally and cannot function as systemic signals. (E)The same hormone can produce different outcomes depending on tissue type, developmental stage, and receptor/signaling context.

[2pt] 9. Based on the figure, which statement best explains shoot phototropism?   (A) Auxin accumulates on the lit side, increasing cell division, causing bending((B) Auxin accumulates on the shaded side, increasing cell elongation, causing bending toward light. ((C) Auxin accumulates on the lit side, increasing cell elongation, causing bending toward light. ((D) Auxin is evenly distributed, and bending is caused mainly by cell division differences. ((E) Auxin accumulates on the shaded side, decreasing cell elongation, causing bending.

[2pt] 10.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a direct cause of high developmental plasticity in plants (e.g., changes inroot system architecture)?(A) Changes in the orientation of cell division(B) Changes in the rate and direction of cell elongation(C) Large-scale migration of cells to new positions(D) Integrated regulation by hormonal and nutrient signaling(E) Changes in meristem activity leading to altered organ initiation patterns

[2pt] 11. A fertilizer label "16-16-16" indicates the percentage by mass of N, P2O5,and K₂O.Which statement is the most accurate interpretation for plant growth?(A) A 16-16-16 fertilizer maximizes growth because all three nutrients are present in equalamounts.(B) The fertilizer provides equal amounts of elemental N, P, and K, so deficiencies areimpossible.(C) Plant growth response depends on which nutrient is limiting; adding a balanced fertilizermay not increase growth if another nutrient (e.g., Fe) is limiting.(D) Phosphorus and potassium are not essential nutrients because they can be replaced bynitrogen.(E) The numbers indicate the soil pH required for optimal uptake.

[2pt] 12. The figure shows a short-day condition (long night) and the effect of a night interruption with a brief red light pulse (R), followed by far-red light (FR) (row 3). Which option BEST predicts flowering outcomes for the long-day plant and short-day plant in row 3?(A) Long-day plant does not flower; short-day plant flowers because FR pulsereverses the effect of the R pulse.(B) Short-day plant flowers in row 3 because the day length is still short, and shortday plants require short days to flower. Critical night length(C) Long-day plant flowers; short-day plant does not flower because the red light night-break shortens the effective night length.(D) Long-day plant does not flower; short-day plant flowers because the day length remains short.(E) Long-day plant flowers; short-day plant flowers because both receive some light during the night

[2pt] 20. Based on panel (a), what is the effect of increasing benzyladenine (BA; a cytokinin) concentration on Arabidopsis root growth in wild-type plants?[Note] Ler is the WT background for cre1-1, while Columbia is the background for cre1-2.(A) Root growth increases with increasing BA(B) Root growth decreases with increasing BА(C) Root growth is unaffected by BА(D) Root growth first decreases then increases

V. Multiple-Choice Questions (20%, 1pt per question)※注意:請於試卷內之「非選擇題作答區」依序作答,並應註明作答之大題及小題題號。1. The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of(A) ganglion cells; (B) bipolar cells; (C) primary visual cortex; (D) optic chiasma; (E) lateral geniculate nuclei

2. What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color?(A) opsins; (B) electroreceptors; (C) pupil; (D) lens

3. The pacemaker cells are found in what structure?(A) sinoatrial node; (B) the ventricles; (C) left atrium; (D) pulmonary veins; (E) aorta

4. Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of(A) luteinizing hormone (LH); (B) progesterone; (C) inhibin; (D) prolactin; (E) estradiol

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