1. A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _______ .
(A) one capillary bed
(B) two capillary beds
(C) three capillary beds
(D) four capillary beds

2. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? (A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. (B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. (C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. (D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

3. Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output? (A) The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. (B) The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. (C) The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. (D) The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle.

4. If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? (A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes (B) caffeinated beverages (C) bottled water kept at room temperature (D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

5. A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _______ .(A) release all bound carbon dioxide molecules (B) bind more oxygen molecules (C) decrease its binding of H+ (D) give up more of its oxygen molecules

6. African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? (A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. (B) Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. (C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. (D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

7. How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? (A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. (B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. (C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. (D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

8. The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _______. (A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated (B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient (C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification (D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

9. An examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _______. (A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions (B) it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate (C) its kidney had ruptured (D) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize

10. The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _______. (A) results from active transport (B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones (C) is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred (D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

11. Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? (A) mouse (B) human (C) hippopotamus (D) giraffe

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