11. Sphingosine is not a component of:
(A) sphingomyelin.
(B) ceramide.
(C) cerebrosides.
(D) gangliosides.
(E) cardiolipin.

12. An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is: (A) arachidonic acid. (B) ceramide. (C) Testosterone. (D) Phosphatidylinositol. (E) vitamin A (retinol).

13. The inner (plasma) membrane of E. coli is about 75% lipid and 25% protein by weight. How many molecules of membrane lipid are there for each molecule of protein? (Assume that the average protein is Mr 50,000 and the average lipid is 750.) (A) 50 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 10,000 (E) 50,000

14. Protein kinase A (PKA) is: (A) activated by covalent binding of cyclic AMP. (B) affected by cyclic AMP only under unusual circumstances. (C) competitively inhibited by cyclic AMP. (D) allosterically activated by cyclic AMP. (E) noncompetitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.

15. The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of: (A) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2. (B) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (C) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (D) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (E) 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2.

16. In a tissue that metabolizes glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway, C-1 of glucose would be expected to end up principally in: (A) carbon dioxide. (B) glycogen. (C) phosphoglycerate. (D) pyruvate. (E) ribulose 5-phosphate.

17. The reaction of the citric acid cycle that is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the conversion of: (A) citrate to isocitrate. (B) fumarate to malate. (C) malate to oxaloacetate. (D) succinyl-CoA to succinate. (E) -ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.

18. Which of the following statements apply (applies) to the oxidation of fatty acids? 1. The process takes place in the cytosol of mammalian cells.2. Carbon atoms are removed from the acyl chain one at a time.3. Before oxidation, fatty acids must be converted to their CoA derivatives.4. NADP+ is the electron acceptor.5. The products of oxidation can directly enter the citric acid cycle for further oxidation. (A) 1 and 3 only (B) 1, 2, and 3 (C) 1, 2, and 5 (D) 3 and 5 only (E) 4 only

19. In the nitrogen excretion and the urea cycle, which of the following amino acids are essential for humans? (A) alanine (B) aspartic acid (C) asparagine (D) serine (E) threonine

20. In the reoxidation of QH2 by purified ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) from heart muscle, the overall stoichiometry of the reaction requires 2 mol of cytochrome c per mole of QH2 because: (A) cytochrome c is a one-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a two-electron donor. (B) cytochrome c is a two-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a one-electron donor. (C) cytochrome c is water soluble and operates between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. (D) heart muscle has a high rate of oxidative metabolism, and therefore requires twice as much cytochrome c as QH2 for electron transfer to proceed normally. (E) molecules of cytochrome c must first combine physically before they are catalytically active.

21. During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to: (A) create a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (B) generate the substrates (ADP and Pi) for the ATP synthase. (C) induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase. (D)oxidize NADH to NAD+. (E) reduce O2 to H2O.

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