14. Which of the following is a tRNA-binding site on the ribosome?
(A) M-site.
(B) N-site.
(C) O-site.
(D) P-site.
(E) Q-site.

15. Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation? (A) The did dog not eat. (B) The dod idn ote at. (C) The did not eat. (D) The dog did dog did not eat. (E) Dog did not eat the.

16. Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria (A) reduce their DNA content. (B) increase the amount of RNA in the cytoplasm. (C) infect the host cells. (D) alter their oxygen requirements. (E) increase their genetic diversity.

17. Which of the following statements regarding the information flow in the central dogma is NOT correct? (A) In general, the flow is from DNA to RNA to protein. (B) In general, if we know the DNA sequence, we can deduce the RNA sequence. (C) In general, if we know the RNA sequence, we can deduce the DNA sequence. (D) In general, if we know the protein sequence, we can deduce the RNA sequence. (E) In general, if we know the RNA sequence, we can deduce the protein sequence.

18. In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines (A) an allele. (B) an operator. (C) a locus. (D) a transposon. (E) an operon.

19. The basis of cellular differentiation is (A) the operon. (B) selective gene expression. (C) cloning. (D) mutation. (E) migration.

20. Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? (A) alternative RNA splicing (B) mutation (C) genetic differentiation (D) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands (E) DNA methylation

21. During DNA replication, the single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins (A) are generally found more on the leading strand than the lagging strand. (B) bind cooperatively to single-stranded DNA and cover the bases to prevent base-pairing. (C) prevent the folding of the single-stranded DNA. (D) bind cooperatively to short hairpin helices that readily form in the single-stranded DNA. (E) All of the above.

22. Which of the following types of noncoding RNA chiefly functions in the processing and chemical modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)? (A) Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) (B) Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) (C) Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (D) Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) (E) MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

23. Which of the following statements about microarrays is NOT correct? (A) Microarrays use specific antibodies to detect the presence of mRNA of each specific gene. (B) Microarrays enable scientists to determine the activity of thousands of genes at once. (C) Microarrays use fluorescently labeled cDNA molecules to identify particular genes expressed at a particular time (D) Microarrays are used to determine which genes are active in different tissues or in tissues of different states of health. (E) None of the above.

24. Which of the following can NOT be determined by NGS (next-generation sequencing)? (A) the genome of a cell. (B) the transcriptome of a cell. (C) the proteome of a cell (D) the miRNA of a cell. (E) the genome of mitochondria.

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