15. After years of struggling financially, the startup finally adjusted to _____ within a tight budget without compromising on quality.
(A) operate
(B) operating
(C) operated
(D) have operated III. Language Teaching and Learning

16. Students are asked to predict difficulties before completing a listening task, monitor their comprehension while listening, and evaluate which strategies were effective afterwards. According to Oxford's taxonomy and contemporary research on self-regulated learning, this instructional sequence primarily develops learners' __________. (A) cognitive strategies (B) compensation strategies (C) metacognitive strategies (D) affective strategies

17. A CLIL teacher notices that students successfully understand scientific concepts but rely heavily on memorized sentence frames and rarely produce extended explanations. According to the 4Cs Framework, which dimension requires the greatest instructional attention? (A) Content (B) Communication (C) Cognition (D) Culture

18. A curriculum developer begins by identifying transfer goals and acceptable evidence of learning before selecting instructional activities. This approach is most consistent with __________. (A) Tyler's Objectives Model (B) Backward Design (C) Communicative Language Teaching (D) Competency-Based Language Teaching

19. Which pair of teaching approaches is most likely to differ in their treatment of grammatical errors during communicative activities? (A) Communicative Language Teaching and Task-Based Language Teaching (B) Genre-Based Approach and Process Approach (C) Grammar-Translation Method and Audio-Lingual Method (D) Communicative Language Teaching and Audio-Lingual Method

20. A researcher argues that children's language development cannot outpace their conceptual understanding of the world. This view is most closely associated with __________. (A) Piaget (B) Chomsky (C) Skinner (D) Krashen IV. Phrasal Verbs and Idiomatic Expressions

21. The principal urged teachers not to ______ students' concerns simply because they appeared trivial. (A) put off (B) bring about (C) carry out (D) brush aside

22. The researcher was able to ______ a subtle distinction between language acquisition and language learning that many readers had overlooked. (A) break down (B) take over (C) bring out (D) give in

23. Several schools have begun to ______ project-based learning in response to the new curriculum guidelines. (A) phase in (B) phase out (C) look over (D) hand in

24. The committee decided to ______ the implementation of the new assessment policy until additional training had been provided. (A) take after (B) put off (C) carry on (D) bring up

25. The unexpected findings ______ several widely accepted assumptions in second language acquisition research. (A) put up with (B) came up with (C) ran out of (D) called into question

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