16 Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA?
(A) ATP
(B) CoA-SH
(C) FAD
(D) Lipoic acid
(E) NAD+

17 The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of (A) citrate to isocitrate (B) fumarate to malate (C) malate to oxaloacetate (D) succinate to fumarate (E) succinyl-CoA to succinate

18 What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes of  oxidation? 1. β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2. Thiolase 3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase 4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (A) 1, 2, 3, 4 (B) 3, 1, 4, 2 (C) 4, 3, 1, 2 (D) 1, 4, 3, 2 (E) 4, 2, 3, 1

19 Which substance is not involved in the production of urea from NH4+ via the urea cycle? (A) Aspartate (B) ATP (C) Carbamoyl phosphate (D) Malate (E) Ornithine

20 Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1. If intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of O2, which of the following would be found in the oxidized state? (A) Coenzyme Q (B) Cytochrome a3 (C) Cytochrome b (D) Cytochrome e (E) Cytochrome f

21. Which of the following is correct concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase? (A) It can synthesize ATP after it is extracted from broken mitochondria (B) It catalyzes the formation of ATP even though the reaction has a large positive △G'° (C) It consists of F0 and F1 subunits, which are transmembrane (integral) polypeptides (D) It is actually an ATPase and only catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (E) When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the G'° is actually close to zero

22. The enzymatic machinery to fix atmospheric N2 into NH4+ is (A) a means of producing ATP when excess N2 is available (B) composed of two key proteins, each containing iron (C) relatively stable when exposed to O2 (D) specific to plant cells (E) unaffected by the supply of electrons

23. If a cell were unable to synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate), it would probably be deficient in the biosynthesis of (A) isoleucine (B) leucine (C) lysine (D) methionine (E) serine

24. One amino acid directly involved in the purine biosynthetic pathway is (A) alanine (B) aspartate (C) glutamate (D) leucine (E) tryptophan

25. Which of the following is a DNA sequence? (A) Coactivator (B) Corepressor (C) Enhancer (D) Inducer (E) Transactivator

26. Protein amino acid side chains can hydrogen bond in the major groove of DNA, and discriminate between each of the four possible base pairs. In which one of the following groups of amino acids can all three members potentially be used in such DNA-protein recognition? (A) Ala, Asn, Glu (B) Arg, Gln, Leu (C) Asn, Gln, Trp (D) Asn, Glu, Lys (E) Glu, Lys, Pro

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