17. Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?
(A) PDGF
(B) MPF
(C) Cyclin
(D) Protein kinase
(E) Cdk

18. Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by_____________. (A) active transport pumps (B) ion concentration gradients only (C) electrical gradients only (D) ion electrochemical gradients

19. Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate _____________. (A) produce O₂, ATP, and NADP⁺ (B) produce ATP and NADP⁺ (C) produce CO₂ and ATP (D) produce O₂, ATP, and NADPH (E) produce ATP and NADPH

20. Using ¹⁴CO₂ as a radioactive tracer, which molecule would be the last to incorporate ¹⁴C within the Calvin cycle? (A) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) (B) rubisco (C) ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (D) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) (E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

21. The primary advantage C4 plants have over C3 plants is that (A) C4 plants can produce CO₂ needed for sugar production in the Calvin cycle more efficiently than C3 plants. (B) C4 plants minimize photorespiration compared with C3 plants. (C) C4 plants can produce sugars more efficiently than C3 plants under cool, wet conditions. (D) relative to C3 plants, C4 plants can keep their stomata open more frequently to limit water evaporation.

22. A rod exposed to light will (A) fire action potentials that increase its release of glutamate. (B) depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels. (C) hyperpolarize due to the opening of potassium channels. (D) undergo a graded depolarization that increase its release of glutamate. (E) undergo a graded hyperpolarization that decrease its release of glutamate.

23. If you add the plant hormone auxin to one side of a plant, the cells exposed to the auxin elongate. If you measured auxin levels in plant cells exposed to light, what you would you expect to find? (A) They would be lower, causing the plant to bend away from the light. (B) They would be higher, causing the plant to bend away from the light. (C) They would be higher, causing the plant to bend towards the light. (D) They would be lower, causing the plant to bend towards the light.

24. A summer occupation in the Corn Belt states is de-tasseling the corn: removing unwanted male flowers so that female flowers on the same plant are pollinated by the desired pollen for the hybrid corn. What does this tell you about corn? The flowers are_____________. (A) perfect and the plant is dioecious (B) perfect and the plant is monoecious (C) imperfect and the plant is dioecious (D) imperfect and the plant is monoecious

25. Plant phytochromes (A) control vernalization. (B) change their conformation after absorbing specific lights. (C) are involved in root elongation. (D) All of the choices are true.

26. Which of the following pairs is false? (A) Compatible solutes – salt stress (B) Reactive oxygen species – second messenger (C) Thigmotropism – response to touch (D) Abscisic acid – leaf abscission in autumn

27. When plants under drought, (A) leaf growth is increased. (B) growth of deeper roots is increased. (C) transpiration is increased. (D) None of the choices is true.

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