17. Which test specifically detects starch in biological samples?
(A) Tollen's test
(B) Sudan III test
(C) Iodine test
(D) Benedict's test
(E) Biuret test

18. What distinguishes lipids from carbohydrates in terms of energy density? (A) Lipids are less soluble in water (B) Lipids have higher oxidation potential (C) Lipids store energy more efficiently (D) Carbohydrates are more compact (E) Lipids store less energy per unit

19. What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrate polymers? (A) Links monosaccharides in polysaccharides (B) Determines polymer solubility (C) Creates free aldehyde groups (D) Facilitates DNA synthesis (E) Prevents water absorption

20. Why are triglycerides considered a better energy storage form than carbohydrates? (A) They are hydrophilic (B) They store more energy per gram (C) They are water-soluble (D) They enhance oxygen utilization (E) They are rapidly metabolized

21. Acetyl-CoA plays a crucial role in the cellular metabolism. Which of the following best describes the primary function of acetyl-CoA? (A) To directly participate in the electron transport chain as an electron carrier. (B) To serve as a precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids, ketone bodies, and cholesterol. (C) To act as a structural component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. (D) To regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences. (E) To catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP for energy production.

22. Within the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), what is the direct role of acetyl-CoA? (A) It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. (B) It directly catalyzes ATP formation via substrate-level phosphorylation. (C) It serves as the initial substrate that combines with oxaloacetate to initiate the citric acid cycle. (D) It regulates the activity of key enzymes within the citric acid cycle through allosteric modulation. (E) It transports protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate the proton motive force.

23. What is the role of acetyl-CoA in glycolysis? (A) It is the final product of glycolysis, directly yielding ATP. (B) It directly participates in the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. (C) It is a crucial intermediate formed during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. (D) It directly reduces NAD+ to NADH through the glycolytic pathway. (E) It is not directly involved in glycolysis itself but links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

24. What is the primary function of glycolysis? (A) To synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. (B) To completely oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water. (C) To convert glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. (D) To produce fatty acids from acetyl-CoA. (E) To synthesize proteins from amino acids. 頁 6

25. Cancer cells often exhibit an increased rate of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen (a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect). How does this enhanced glycolysis contribute to the ability of cancer cells to thrive? (A) It produces metabolic intermediates that are used for the biosynthesis of macromolecules that are required for cell growth and proliferation. (B) It generates excess oxygen, counteracting the hypoxic conditions often found in tumors. (C) It directly provides the large amounts of ATP required for rapid cell division. (D) It prevents the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting cancer cells from oxidative damage. (E) It increases the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

26. Cancer tissue microenvironments are often observed to be more acidic than normal tissues. Which of the following is the primary reason for this acidification? (A) Decreased blood flow to the tumor leading to reduced oxygen delivery and accumulation of carbon dioxide. (B) Increased activity of the electron transport chain in cancer cells, leading to increased production of protons. (C) Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cell mitochondria, consuming bicarbonate buffers. (D) Increased rate of glycolysis in cancer cells, leading to increased production of lactic acid and protons. (E) Reduced activity of proton pumps on the cell membrane of cancer cells, inhibiting proton export.

27. What is the fundamental relationship between phosphorylation and ATP (adenosine triphosphate)? (A) Phosphorylation is the process of hydrolyzing ATP to release energy. (B) Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often using ATP as the phosphate donor. (C) Phosphorylation is the process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released from other reactions. (D) Both B and C. (E) Phosphorylation is the process of removing a phosphate group from a molecule, releasing energy in the form of ATP.

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