18. Photosynthetic organisms use which of the following molecules as a reductant?
(A) H2O
(B) Carbohydrate
(C) molecular oxygen gas
(D) C2O
(E) N2

19. In photosynthesis, all of the following reactions are directly dependent on light except (A) carbon fixation. (B) synthesis of ATP. (C) electron transport. (D) removal of electrons from H2O.

20. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? (A) NADPH ⇨ O2 ⇨CO2 (B) H2O ⇨NADPH⇨ Calvin cycle (C) H2O ⇨electron transport chain⇨ O2 (D)NADPH ⇨chlorophyll⇨ Calvin cycle

21. Which compartment of chloroplasts becomes acidic when the electron transport system is operating? (A) Lumen inside the thylakoid sac. (B) Stroma. (C) Space between inner and outer membranes. (D) Thylakoid membranes. (E) Cytoplasm.

22. Amino acids are joined together by an amide linkage called a (A) protein bond. (B) disulfide bond. (C) acrylate bond. (D) peptide bond. (E) PTM bond.

23. which of the following α-amino acids has the highest absorbance at 280 nm? (A) Tyr (B) Trp (C) Gly (D) Glu (E) Phe

24. What is the main stabilizing force in the secondary structure of proteins (A) peptide bond. (B) hydrogen bond. (C) disulfide bond. (D) hydrophobic bond.

25. What is one unit of urea biosynthesized from? (A) two units of and one unit of CO2. (B) one unit of as well as one unit of carboxyl and amino groups of arginine. (C) one unit of , one carboxyl group of aspartate, and one unit of amino group of arginine. (D) one unit of , one carboxyl group of arginine, and one unit of amino group of aspartate. (E) one unit of , one unit of CO2 and one unit of amino group of aspartate.

26. Arginine is considered _____(A) Glycogenic. (B) Ketogenic. (C) Glycogenic and ketogenic. (D) Neither glycogenic nor ketogenic. (E) None of above.

27. Tryptophan is considered _____(A) Glycogenic. (B) Ketogenic. (C) Glycogenic and ketogenic. (D) Neither glycogenic nor ketogenic. (E) None of above.

28. A deficiency of the following enzyme can lead to phenylketonuria (A) Tyrosinase. (B) Creatine synthase. (C) Phenylalanine hydroxylase. (D) Phenylalanine (E) Cystathionine lyase.

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