18. Which of the following molecules is least likely to be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
(A) Citrate
(B) NADH
(C) Pyruvate
(D) Phosphate
(E) Malate

19. Which of the following statements about hydropathy plot is false? (A) A hydropathy plot for a protein is a graphical representation of the average "hydropathy" values of contiguous groups of amino acid R-groups in a protein. (B) A hydropathy plot can be used to deduce the quaternary structure of a membrane protein. (C) Integral membrane proteins usually contain one or more regions with a high hydropathy index. (D) A hydropathy plot can be used to predict whether a given protein sequence contains membrane-spanning segments. (E) It is possible to get hydrophobic areas for proteins that are not membrane associated in a hydropathy plot, as water soluble proteins have hydrophobic interiors.

20. Which statement is correct? (A) The leading site of synthesis ketone bodies is kidney mitochondria. (B) Synthesis of ketone bodies occurs in the cytosol. (C) The ketones bodies can be an energy source for the brain. (D) The ketone bodies include acetic acid. (E) All of the above.

21. There are differences between lipid catabolism and anabolism in biology. Which statement is correct? (A) Anabolism occurs in the cytosol, catabolism in mitochondria. (B) Anabolism uses NADH/NADt； catabolism uses NADPH/NADP+. (C) Anabolism requires CoA； catabolism requires acyl carrier protein. (D) Anabolism and catabolism require no enzyme. (E) All of the above.

22. To metabolize a fatty acid, what is the necessary step to activate it? (A) To form a thioester bond with coenzyme A. (B) To form a glycosidic bond with coenzyme B. (C) To form an ester bond with coenzyme A. (D) To form a phosphodiester bond with coenzyme B. (E) It requires no activation.

23. In higher plants, nitrite reductase is in_______. (A) nucleus (B) cytoplasm (D) mitochondria (E) endoplasmic reticulum (C) chloroplast

24. Urea cycle is used for the synthesis of__________. (A) lysine (B) arginine (C) tryptophan (D) phenylalanine (E) purine

25. Asparaginase, catalyzing the conversion asparagine to aspartic acid, is used to treat childhood leukemia acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma because: (A) asparagine is an essential amino acid. (B) lymphocyte cannot synthesize asparagine. (C) asparaginase is toxic to all rapidly dividing cells (D) asparaginase in lymphocytes generates reactive oxygen species. (E) None of the above descriptions is correct.

26. Which amino acid in the above table can be post-translationally glycosylated? (A) Amino acid a (B) Amino acid b (C) Amino acid c (D) Amino acid d (E) Amino acid e

27. Which amino acid in the above table strongly absorbs UV at 280 nin? (A) Amino acid a (B) Amino acid b (C) Amino acid c (D) Amino acid d (E) Amino acid e

28. Which amino acid in the above table is frequently used as a general base to help catalyze protease activities? (A) Amino acid a (B) Amino acid b (C) Amino acid c (D) Amino acid d (E) Amino acid e

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