21. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin and ibuprofen act by blocking production of:
(A) vitamin D
(B) prostaglandins
(C) sphingolipids
(D) glycerol
(E) none of the above.

22. When a bacterium such as E. coli is shifted from a warmer growth temperature to a cooler growth temperature, it compensates by: (A) increasing its metabolic rate to generate more heat (B) synthesizing thicker membranes to insulate the cell. (C) putting longer-chain fatty acids into its membranes (D) shifting from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism (E) putting more unsaturated fatty acids into its membranes

23. After drinking of coke, the major monosaccharides absorbed into the blood are (A) glucose (B) fructose (C) glucose and fructose (D) glucose and galactose (E) galactose, glucose, and fructose.

24. Which of the following is not a reducing sugar? (A) Glyceraldehyde (B) Glucose (C) Fructose (D) Lactose(E) Sucrose

25. The pKas of phosphoric acid are 2.1, 6.9, and 12.4. The ionic form that predominates at pH 7.5 is: (A) H3PO4 (B) H2PO4- (C) HPO42- (D) PO43- (E) None of the above.

26. Which of the following is not involved in the process of assisted folding of proteins?(A) Heat shock proteins (B) Peptide bond hydrolysis (C) Chaperonins (D) Disulfide interchange(E) Peptide bond isomerization.

27. The_______ molecules are not amphipathic. (A) phophotidyl choline (B) phosphotidyl ethanolamin (C) cholesterol (D) sphingomyolin (E) none of the above

28. The binding of one O₂ to one subunit in the hemoglobin tetramer (a2ẞ2) increases the binding affinity of subsequent O₂ binding to other subunits is achieved via the ________ effect. (A) allosteric (B) quantum (C) hydrophobic (D) hydrophilic (E) cooperative

29. DNA of the ________form runs the slowest on the agarose gel. (A) supercoiled (B) linear (C) partially nicked (D) inter-wound (E) circular

30. Fumarate from the urea cycle is converted to malate and then to________, which can be used for gluconeogenesis. (A) citrate (B) succinate (C) oxaloacetate (D) a-ketoglutarate (E) pyruvate

31. A molecule that signals vasodilation is_______ , which is synthesized from the precursor_______ .(A) nitric oxide (NO)/citrulline (B) nitric oxide (NO)/arginine (C) nitrous oxide (N2O)/arginine(D) nitrous oxide (N2O)/citrulline (E) none of the above

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