22. Which of the following molecules cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis in mammals?
(A)glycerol
(B) lactate
(C) glycine
(D) oxaloacetate
(E) acetate

23. Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle is decreased when: (A)the ratio of /[NADH] is high. (B) NADH is rapidly oxidized through the respiratory chain. (C) the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is low (D) the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is high. (E) [AMP] is high.

24. Which enzyme is the major regulatory control point for β-oxidation? (A)pyruvate carboxylase (B) acetyl CoA dehydrogenase (C) methylmalonyl CoA mutase (D) enoyl CoA isomerase (E) carnitine acyl transferase I

25. The major regulator of sucrose biosynthesis in plants is: (A)fructose 6-phosphate (B) glucose 6-phosphate (C) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (D) fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (E) sucrose 

複選題1. Which of the following are DNA sequences? (A) Promoter (B) Repressor (C) Operator (D) Enhancer (E) Activator

2. When bacteria produce mammalian proteins, cDNA is used rather than genomic DNA. Which of the following is the best explanation? (A) It is easier to clone RNA than DNA. (B) It is not possible to clone the entire coding region of the gene. (C) It is easier to clone cDNA than genomic DNA of comparable size. (D) Most eukaryotic genes have introns that cannot be removed in bacteria. (E) Most eukaryotic gene promoters do not function in bacteria

3. Below is an electron micrograph of a gene that is being transcribed. The DNA strand runs horizontally with RNA transcripts extending vertically outward. What is the direction of movement of RNA polymerases along the length of DNA strand? (A) Upward (B) Downward (C) Rightward (D) Leftward (E) Can't be determined

複選題4. Which of the following statements are true? (A) Bacterial mRNA normally occurs as a double-stranded structure, with one strand containing codons, the other containing anticodons. (B) Bacterial mRNA is broken down within a few minutes of its formation in E. coli. (C) Bacterial mRNA consists only of the bases that code for amino acids. (D) The three ribosomal RNAs in a bacterial ribosome are distributed in three separate, large ribosomal subunits. (E) Bacterial mRNA can be translated while it is still being synthesized.

5. A microarray is a large collection of specific DNA oligonucleotides spotted in a defined pattern on a microscope slide. What is the most useful experiment that can be done with such a tool? (A) Evaluating the linkage relationships of genes (B) Comparing newly synthesized nuclear RNA with cytoplasmic RNA to locate introns (C) Comparing RNA produced under two different physiological conditions to understand patterns of gene expression (D) Comparing proteins produced under two different physiological conditions to understand their function (E) Predicting the presence of specific metabolites in a cell

複選題6. Which of the following statements are true for the enzyme reverse transcriptase? (A) It is sensitive to high temperatures and so can be readily "killed" by heat treatment when the reaction is completed. (B) It does not require a primer to initiate polymerization as do most DNA polymerases. (C) It is insensitive to high temperatures and so can survive the many cycles of heating required to perform the polymerase chain reaction. (D) It is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (E) It lacks the proofreading function of most DNA polymerases and so is able to utilize mRNA from mutated genes as a template. 

7. Possesses genes that may be integrated into the genome of an infected eukaryotic cell(A) E. coli (B) Yeast (C) Retrovirus (D) Bacteriophage lambda (E) Adenovirus

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