23. A bacterial (prokaryotic) ribosome is composed of _____ subunits.
(A) 20S & 40S
(B) 30S & 50S
(C) 40S & 60S
(D) 20S & 60S
(E) 50S & 70S

24. Nonsense codons are (A) codons that code for multiple amino acids. (B) codons that code for no amino acids. (C) codons that code for the same amino acids. (D) codons that can be read forward or backward. (E) codons that code for start codons.

25. All of the amino acids, except Proline, contain: (A) A free amine group (B) A free carboxyl group (C) A free R group (D) A free amine group and A free carboxyl group (E) A free carboxyl group and A free R group

26. A single DNA unit that enables the simultaneous regulation of more than one gene in response to environmental changes is called (A) promoter. (B) operator. (C) regulator. (D) inducer. (E) operon.

27. Which of the following would most likely be controlled by a repressible gene? (A) Tryptophan synthesis (B) Lactose catabolism (C) Arabinose catabolism (D) Tryptophan synthesis and Lactose catabolism (E) Lactose catabolism and Arabinose catabolism

28. Most decisions controlling the amount of gene product synthesized are made during (A) termination of replication. (B) transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm. (C) initiation of transcription. (D) alternative splicing. (E) regulation of translation.

29. Which of the following statements is true regarding dosage compensation? (A) In Drosophila, one of the two X-chromosomes is randomly inactivated in females (B) In mammals, the genes on the single X-chromosome in a male are transcribed at a higher level (C) The X-inactive specific transcript is a functional RNA molecule that results in X-inactivation in Drosophila (D) In C. elegans, dosage compensation results from partial repression of X-linked genes in hermaphrodites (E) The gene product of the gene maleless is responsible for X-inactivation in mammals.

30. Whenever the RNA within the RISC pairs imperfectly with its target sequence, the mRNA is usually not cleaved; instead, translation of the mRNA is inhibited. RISC-associated RNAs that have this effect are usually termed: (A) siRNAs (B) miRNAs (C) SNRPS (D) mtDNAs (E) STRS

31. Damage to DNA that takes place during DNA replication results in arrest of normal cells at the _____ checkpoint. (A) GO-to-G1 (B) G1-to-S (C) S-to-G2 (D) G2-to-M (E) M-to-G1

32. The human papilloma virus (HPV) carries a gene that functions as an oncogene by inactivating the p53 protein. The fact that the loss of p53 function is oncogenic suggests that (A) p53 normally functions to prevent uncontrolled cell division. (B) The HPV protein is encoded by a tumor suppressor gene. (C) p53 gene expression is upregulated by the HPV protein. (D) The HPV protein functions at origins of replication on DNA. (E) p53 is a proto-oncogene. 

1. Please select which RNA transcript is synthesized from the DNA template (5')AAACGCTATAGCG(3'). (A) (5')UUUGCGAUAUCGC(3') (B) (5')UUUGUGAUAUUGU(3') (C) (5')CGCUAUAGCGUUU(3') (D) (5')UGUUAUAGUGUUU(3') (E) (5')AAACGCUAUAGCG(3')

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