25. Which of the following is not required for a PCR reaction?
(A) Primers.
(B) Topoisomerases.
(C) DNA polymerases.
(D) dNTPs.

26. Which of the following enzymatic activity is the best functional description of telomerase? (A) DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (B) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (C) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (D) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

27. Which of the following phylogenetic history is considered correct? (A) Jawed animals appeared earlier than vertebrates. (B) Vertebrate appeared earlier than notochord. (C) Mineralized skeleton appeared earlier than lungs or lung derivatives. (D) Amniotic egg appeared earlier than jawed animals.

28. Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum? (A) Cnidaria gastrovascular cavity. (B) Arthropoda stomach. (C) Chordata liver. (D) Annelida complete alimentary canal

29. A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. Which of the following is most likely the problem? (A) Morphogenesis. (B) Cell differentiation. (C) Histogenesis. (D) Fertilization.

30. Assume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, wherein all individuals are females, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the resulting embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for which of the following? (A) Egg activation (B) Creation of a diploid cell. (C) Epigenesis. (D) Cell differentiation.

31. The fluid under a blister or the lymph that bathes the interstitial spaces between organs is very watery compared with the viscosity of blood plasma. Why? (A) The viscosity of blood is completely due to blood cells that never leave the vessels. (B) These fluids are primarily water produced by cell respiration, and they are discarded interstitially. (C) The capillaries use active transport to retrieve large molecules that leaked away. (D) Large molecules, such as plasma albumin, rarely cross the capillary wall.

32. Which of the following is the pacemaker of the cardiac conduction system? (A) Sinoatrial node. (B) Medulla oblongata. (C) Purkinje fibers. (D) Atrioventricular node.

33. Which of the following is the primary function of the pulmonary circulatory circuit? (A) Release of oxygen and absorption of carbon dioxide by the blood. (B) Release of carbon dioxide and absorption of oxygen by blood. (C) To supply the force to propel blood throughout the body. (D) Nutrient exchange

34. The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCL Where does this formation of HCl occur? (A) In the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin. (B) In the secretions of the esophagus. (C) In the chief cells of the stomach. (D) In the parietal cells of the stomach.

35. Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure? (A) Protonephridia of rotifers. (B) Malpighian tubules of insects. (C) Metanephridia of earthworms. (D) Kidneys of vertebrates.

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