28. Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of
I) an autocrine signal
II) a paracrine signal
III) an endocrine signal

(A) only I and II

(B) only II and III

(C) only I and III

(D) I, II, and III

29. Which of the following statements are correct? I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. (A) only II and III (B) only I and III (C) only III and IV (D) only I and IV

30. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? (A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. (B) The total cross-sectional area of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. (C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. (D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

31. A researcher adds oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, to actively respiring liver cells. Which of the following changes would most likely occur? (A) Oxygen consumption would increase. (B) ATP production would decrease and the proton gradient would increase. (C) ATP production would increase and the proton gradient would decrease. (D) NADH production would immediately stop.

32. Which of the following contributes to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla? I) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb II) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons III) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct IV) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle (A) All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. (B) I, II, and III (C) I and IV (D) I, II, and IV

33. The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of (A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog (B) the archenteron in a frog (C) the notochord in a mammal (D) neural crest cells in a mammal

34. Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. (A) only I and III (B) only II and IV (C) only I, II, and IV (D) only II, III, and IV

35. In a Sanger sequencing reaction, a fluorescently labeled ddATP is incorporated into a growing DNA strand. What will happen immediately after its incorporation? (A) DNA synthesis continues normally. (B) DNA synthesis terminates because no 3' hydroxyl group is available. (C) DNA polymerase dissociates and degrades the template strand. (D) The fragment is replicated by PCR.

36. Two species of lizards occupy the same habitat and consume similar insects. Experimental removal of one species causes the remaining species to expand its feeding range and consume a wider variety of prey. This observation provides the strongest evidence for: (A) resource partitioning (B) mutualism (C) ecological succession (D) density-independent regulation

37. A mutation causes degeneration of hair cells that respond maximally to vibrations of the stiffest region of the basilar membrane. Which auditory deficit would most likely result? (A) Loss of low-frequency hearing (B) Loss of high-frequency hearing (C) Complete deafness (D) Inability to localize sound

38. Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. (A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs (B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface (C) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released (D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

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