29. Which reaction of the citric acid cycle directly produces GTP (or ATP)?
(A) Citrate → Isocitrate
(B) Isocitrate a-Ketoglutarate
(C) a-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA
(D) Succinyl-CoA→ Succinate
(E) Malate → Oxaloacetate

30. Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle is strongly inhibited by NADH?(A) Citrate synthase.(B) Aconitase.(C) Isocitrate dehydrogenase.(D) Succinate dehydrogenase.(E) Fumarase.

31. Which step of glycolysis is considered the primary rate-limiting and regulatory step?(A) Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate(B) Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(C) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate(D) Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate(E) Pyruvate Lactate

32. Which of the following statements regarding glycogen is CORRECТ?(A) Glycogen is primarily stored in adipose tissue.(B) Glycogen contains ẞ(1→4) glycosidic bonds.(C) Glycogen is more highly branched than amylopectin(D) Glycogen is composed of fructose units.(E) Glycogen cannot be rapidly mobilized.

33. Which monosaccharide is a ketohexose?(A) Glucose.(B) Galactose.(C) Mannose.(D) Ribose.(E) Fructose.

34. Which enzyme is responsible for specifically attaching an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule?(A) Peptidyl transferase.(B) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.(C) RNA polymerase II.(D) Elongation Factor Tu.(E) Elongation Factor Ts.

35. Which component ofthe ribosome is responsible for the peptidyl transferase activity (catalyzing peptide bond formation)?(A) A protein in the small ribosomal subunit.(B) A protein in the large ribosomal subunit.(C) The 5S rRNA.(D) The 23S rRNA (in prokaryotes) or 28S rRNA (in eukaryotes).(E) The mRNA template itself.

36. Which molecule provides the energy required for the translocation of the ribosome (movement of the ribosome relative to the mRNA during elongation? (A) ATP. (B) CAMP. (C)СТР. (D) UTP. (E) GTP.

37. The "Wobble Hypothesis" explains which ofthe following phenomena in protein synthesis? (A) The ability of the ribosome to pause during synthesis of hydrophobic regions. (B) The flexibility of the ribosome to translate different mRNA start codons. (C) The ability of a single tRNA anticodon to base pair with more than one mRNA codon. (D) The error-prone nature of the peptidyl transferase center. (E) The sliding of RNA polymerase backward during transcription proofreading.

38. During the co-translational targeting of secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which factor recognizes the hydrophobic signal sequence emerging from the ribosome and temporarily halts translation? (A) Sec61 translocon. (B) Signal Peptidase. (C) Binding Protein (BiP). (D) Signal Recognition Particle (SRP). (E) Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI).

39. Which description below about "The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" is WRONG?(A) Use RNA as a template to translate protein.(B) Use DNA as a template to translate RNA.(C) Use DNA as a template to transcribe RNA.(D) Use DNA as a template to replicate DNA.(E) RNA can serve as a template for reverse transcription to DNA.

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