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36. Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to the phrase “gained some currency” in the first paragraph? (A) to be in full swing (B) to become established (C) to make minor amendments (D) to achieve growing dominance

37. According to the passage, which of following statements is WRONG ? (A) The Hindus believe that souls move ever closer to ultimate perfection with each successive life. (B) Hinduism is based on the belief that each soul came from and seeks to return to an ocean of divinity.(C) Transmigration of souls，a notion familiar to Greeks in the old times, is not in the mainstream of Judaism as well as Christianity. (D) The idea of transmigration did not originate from the philosophical thinking of Plato, but it has gained its acceptance in the West.

38. It can be inferred from the passage that_________  (A) The Arabic Empire presumably left behind quite a few authoritarian regimes which lack economic diversification drive. (B) Rigorous social hierarchy is commonly considered an integral part of the national economy in most Islamic countries. (C) It can be argued that political leaders in most Islamic countries hold inherently ambivalent views on democracy. (D) Religious extremism may account for the fact that many Muslim-majority countries in this region are not in favor of democracy.

39. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the Arab world is TRUE? (A) Religious groups are commonly in alliance with non-religious ones and thus secure their political domination. (B) The development of the private section has been deliberately and relentlessly obstructed from the Middle Ages to the present. (C) Governments of the affluent countries in this region rely on their rich oil reserves to generate sufficient revenues to maintain their political sovereignty. (D) Building a modem，resilient economy may be a facilitator to the liberation of political development in those autocratic Islamic countries.

40. What is the main purpose of this passage? (A) To point out a globally discussed concern and provide its solutions. (B) To introduce the social and cultural background of imperial powers in the Arab world. (C) To present a proposition on a long-time phenomenon prevailing in many Islamic countries. (D)To analyze the causes for the lack of a sound civil foundation in the Middle East.

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