30. Steroid hormones are synthesized from
(A) amino acids
(B) cholesterol
(C) nucleic acids
(D) carbohydrates
(E) all of the above

31. What is the correct processes in order for one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? (A) denature DNA; add fresh enzyme; anneal primers; add dNTPs; extend primers (B) anneal primers; denature DNA; extend primers (C) extend primers; anneal primers; denature DNA (D)denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers (E) add fresh enzyme; extend primers; add dNTPs; denature DNA

32. Fluid is filtered from the capillary into the interstitial fluid due to the_________, but fluid is reabsorbed back to the blood and exits a capillary due to the_________. (A)bydrostatic pressure from sphincter muscle; cooler temperatures in the blood (B) hydrostatic pressure from sphincter muscle; cooler temperatures in venous blood (C)osmotic pressure from high levels of potassium in plasma but not extracellular fluid; osmotic pressure from reversed levels of potassium in extracellular fluid but not plasma (D) blood pressure from the beart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma (E) osmotic pressure from salts; hydrostatic pressure from the veins

33. What is the impact of DNA microarrays on genomic studies? (A) They can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome.(B) They can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. (C) They allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. (D) They allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time. (E) All of the above.

34. Why are males more often affected by sex-linked traits than females? (A) Testosterone alters the effects of mutations on the X chromosome. (B) Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome. (C) Estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the X chromosome. (D) X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in females. (E) The SRY gene protects male to be affected by mutations on the X chromosome.

35. What is the correct statement regarding gene linkage? (A) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes. (B) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them. (C) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%. (D) All of the traits that Mendel studied—seed color, pod shape, flower color, and others—are due to genes linked on the same chromosome. (E) None of the above.

36. Arousal and sleep are controlled by what part of the brain? (A)hypothalamus (B) medulla oblongata (C) cerebrum (D) amygdala (E) reticular formation.

37. Which of the following options incorrectly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates? (A) parathyroid hormone = raises the calcium level in the blood (B) adrenal hormones = response to stress(C) insulin = regulates blood glucose levels (D)prolactin = allergic reactions (E) pineal = controls biological rhythms

38. The fluid in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is the? (A) intracellular fluid (B) hemolymph (C) blood plasma (D) digestive juices (E) cytosol

39. Hormone pathways involved in maintaining homeostasis (such as the maintenance of blood glucose levels) are often characterized by which of the following? (A) positive feedback (B) negative feedback (C) retrospective adjustment (D) countercurrent exchange (E) endothermy and ectothermy

40. What is the common similarity between aerobic respiratory reactions in mitochondria and photosynthetic fixation in the chloroplast? (A) Both use the electron transport chain to pump protons from the organelle's liquid compartment into intermembrane space. (B) Both use ATPase pump to produce ATP in the intermembrane space. (C) Both use water as the electron donor. (D) Both proceed the electron transport from complex I to complex ∥. (E) Both perform carbon metabolism only when the active electron transport occurs.

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