32.
(A) relies
(B) lingers
(C) flips
(D) drives

33. (A) careful (B) gradual (C) keen (D) rapid

34. (A) Before (B) Once (C) Since (D) When

35. (A) precision (B) stamina (C) exultation (D) rigidity

36. The word “alloy” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: (A) a mixture of two or more metals (B) a chemical reaction to heat or cold (C) a type of furnace for refining metals (D) a mining technique in ancient Mesopotamia

37. According to paragraph 2, why did southern Mesopotamia depend on long-distance trade for bronze production? (A) The region lacked natural deposits of copper and tin. (B) Local rulers preferred imported goods for prestige reasons. (C) The region of southern Mesopotamia had no skilled metalworkers. (D) Trade routes in southern Mesopotamia were required by religious law.

38. Based on paragraph 3, why were workers in bronze workshops often paid in rations rather than wages? (A) Money at that time had not yet been invented in Mesopotamia. (B) Workers in the area still preferred payment in real goods over currency. (C) Rations allowed institutions to maintain closer supervision and control over production. (D) Rations in ancient Mesopotamia were strongly required by international trade agreements.

39. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about bronze workshops? (A) They operated independently of any political institution. (B) They were generally located far from cities to avoid royal interference. (C) They primarily produced agricultural tools rather than weapons or ceremonial items. (D) They were positioned near centers of power so that production could be closely monitored.

40. Why does the author mention the Early Dynastic period and the Neo-Assyrian Empire in paragraph 3? (A) To explain why bronze was eventually replaced by iron (B) To argue that bronze weapons became less important over time (C) To compare Mesopotamian warfare with that of other ancient civilizations (D) To show that the military significance of metal weapon production persisted across a long span of Mesopotamian history

41. According to the passage, what was one purpose of bronze statues and ceremonial objects commissioned by temples and rulers? (A) To serve as currency in trade with people in other regions (B) To visually reinforce a ruler’s connection to divine authority (C) To replace written records of royal decrees stored in palaces (D) To provide raw and quick material for producing future weapons

42. What does the author suggest in the final paragraph about the relationship between technology and political power in early states generally? (A) This relationship was unique to Mesopotamia and not observed elsewhere. (B) Most early states avoided relying on valuable materials to maintain power. (C) Complex, resource-demanding technologies often gave organized institutions a political advantage in many early societies. (D) Political power in early states in Mesopotamia was based primarily upon religious authority rather than material resources.

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