36.
(A) transforms
(B) mimics
(C) duplicates
(D) erases

37. (A) accepts (B) challenges (C) ignores (D) complies with

38. (A) raises (B) lowers (C) maintains (D) ignores

39. Which of the following best describes the relationship between transfer, interference, and overgeneralization in the context of learning processes? (A) They represent competing theories in cognitive psychology. (B) They are separate processes that occur independently. (C) They are distinct manifestations of a single principle of learning. (D) They are unrelated concepts in the literature of language learning.

40. In the context of language learning processes, overgeneralization specifically refers to-- (A) Transferring previous knowledge to subsequent learning tasks. (B) Prior knowledge benefitting the learning task. (C) The correct application of native-language rules to the second language. (D) Generalizing a rule or item in the second language beyond legitimate bounds.

41. In the context of language learning processes, interference refers to— (A) The benefit of prior knowledge on the learning task. (B) The disruption of performance caused by prior knowledge. (C) The correct application of previous items to the present subject matter. (D) When previously learned material has no impact on subsequent materials.

42. According to the passage, what distinguishes positive transfer from negative transfer? (A) The presence of interference in negative transfer. (B) The disruption of performance in positive transfer. (C) The incorrect association of previously learned material in negative transfer. (D) The benefit or disruption to the learning task caused by prior knowledge.

43. According to the text, what is the primary factor contributing to the accumulation of knowledge in human organisms? (A) The interaction of previously learned material with present learning events. (B) The storage of experiences in memory. (C) The development of cognitive structures. (D) Logical thinking and hypothesis testing.

44. This passage is most likely to appear in ______. (A) tourist guides (B) chemistry textbooks (C) science and society homepages (D) cosmetics and makeup catalogues

45. The first form of perfume was used _______. (A) to mask unpleasant body odors (B) to leave a good impression (C) in religious rituals (D) in chemistry laboratories

46. What is the main idea of the third paragraph? (A) Components of perfumes have been diversified over the years. (B) The development of Chanel No 5 marked the history of perfume. (C) Both natural and synthetic components are used to make perfumes. (D) Natural components work better than synthetic ones for good quality perfume.

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