36. Which of the following scientists demonstrated that DNA, rather than proteins, is the genetic material?
(A) F. Sanger
(B) J. D. Watson and H. C. Crick
(C) A. D. Hershey and M. Chase
(D) S. Altman and T. Cech
(E) S. B. Prusiner.

37. All of the following are paired with their preferred substrate except: (A) brain: fatty acids (B) heart: fatty acids (C) anaerobic skeletal muscle: glucose (D) red blood cell: glucose (E) adipose tissue: fatty acids.

38. ______ is considered an adapter molecule that links an amino acid to its codon(s). (A) mRNA (B) rRNA (C) tRNA (D) ssRNA (E) miRNA.

39. ______ within the ribosome is responsible for polypeptide synthesis. (A) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (B) met-aminopeptidase (C) degradase (D) ubiquitin (E) peptidyl transferase.

40. Which tautomeric form of ribose predominates in solution? (A) $\alpha$-pyranose (B) $\beta$-pyranose (C) $\alpha$-furanose (D) $\beta$-furanose (E) all of the above.

1. Which of the following is NOT correct description about the Maxwell relation in thermodynamics? (A) $\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial V}\right)_S = -\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial S}\right)_V$ (B) $\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial P}\right)_S = \left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial S}\right)_P$ (C) $-\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)_T = \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)_V$ (D) $-\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial P}\right)_T = \left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_P$

2. At $298.15 \mathrm{~K}$, the reaction $\mathrm{SOCl}_{3(1)} + \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(1)} \rightarrow \mathrm{SO}_{2(g)} + 2 \mathrm{HCl}_{(g)}$ is endothermic and the equilibrium lies well on the right-hand side. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) $\Delta S_{\mathrm{rxn}} < 0$ at $298.15 \mathrm{~K}$ (B) $\Delta G_{\mathrm{rxn}} > 0$ at $298.15 \mathrm{~K}$ (C) $\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}} < 0$ at $298.15 \mathrm{~K}$ (D) $\Delta G_{\mathrm{rxn}}$ becomes more negative when the temperature is raised.

3. The reaction $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{B}$ is spontaneous when (A) $\mu_{\mathrm{A}} > 2\mu_{\mathrm{B}}$ (B) $\mu_{\mathrm{A}} = 2\mu_{\mathrm{B}}$ (C) $\mu_{\mathrm{A}} > \mu_{\mathrm{B}}$ (D) $\mu_{\mathrm{A}} < \mu_{\mathrm{B}}$ ($\mu$ is the chemical potential)

4. Einstein explained a series of experimental observations through his photoelectric effect theory. When light irradiates a metal surface, electrons are emitted. Classical physics could not account for why electron emission depends on the frequency of the incident light rather than its intensity. Which of the following statement correctly reflects Einstein's explanation? (A) Atoms in the cavity walls can emit or absorb energy only in discrete quanta. (B) Angular momentum is quantized. (C) The energy of light is not distributed uniformly throughout the wave; instead, it is carried in localized packets (photons). (D) The uncertainty principle applies.

5. Einstein's A and B coefficients describe how light interacts with atoms having discrete energy levels and explain how thermodynamic equilibrium between radiation and matter is established. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) During excitation, the probability that an atom absorbs a photon is not proportional to the photon density. (B) The corresponding de-excitation process is also not proportional to the photon density. (C) An electron must be able to spontaneously emit a photon at a rate that depends on the photon density. (D) The rate constants for excitation and stimulated de-excitation are the same.

6. Which set of the operators or physical quantities do NOT satisfy the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? (A) Angular momentum operators $\hat{\Gamma}_{\mathrm{y}} = -\mathrm{i}\hbar \left(\cos \phi \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta} -\cot \theta \sin \phi \frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}\right)$ and $\hat{L}_{z} = -\mathrm{i}\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}$ (B) Frequency $(\nu)$ and time $(t)$ (C) Momentum $(P)$ and position $(x)$ (D) Operators $\hat{I} = 5$ and $\hat{J} = \int_{1}^{\infty} dx$

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