38. Which of the following is the key site for glucose homeostasis?
(A) Stomach
(B) Small intestine
(C) Liver
(D) Gallbladder

39. Which of the following statements concerning adaptive immunity in mammals is correct? (A) Cell-mediated immune responses are mediated by T cells. (B) Humoral immunity is mediated mainly by antibodies and complements. (C) Helper T cells play important roles in both cell and humoral immunity. (D) All of the above.

40. Which of the following statements concerning urine formation in humans is correct? (A) Most of the useful solutes such as glucose are reabsorbed in the distal tubules. (B) Descending limb of the Loop of Henie is permeable to both salt and water. (C) Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water. (D) Anti-diuretic hormone is released in response to increase of blood osmolarity.

41. Which of the following statements concerning endocrine system in mammals is correct? (A) Pituitary hormones are involved in the inhibition of downstream endocrine organs such as thyroid gland. (B) Positive feed-back control is the most commonly seen mode of regulation in theendocrine physiology. (C) Adrenal gland is divided to cortex and medulla which can be distinguished by the hormones they secrete. (D) Thyroidal hormones (T4 and T3) are involved in regulation of blood pressure.

42. Which of the following statements concerning animal reproduction is correct? (A) Animals reproduce exclusively by sexual reproduction. (B) In humans, female ovarian cycles are controlled by the blood concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteal hormone (LH). (C) In humans, LH and FSH are absent in males. (D) In humans, maternal blood vessels are directly connected to fetal blood vessels in the placenta.

43. Which of the following statements concerning embryonic developments of humans is correct? (A) A fertilized egg undergoes many rounds of cell division to form an early embryo called blastocyst when it arrives at the uterus. (B) Trophoblast cells eventually forms the three germ layers at the end of gastrulation. (C) Adrenal cortex is developed from ectoderm. (D) Epidermis and its derivatives such as hair follicles are derived from endoderm.

44. Which of the following statements concerning transmission of nerve signals is correct? (A) Signal transmission is slower in myelinated axons than unmyelinated axons. (B) Signal is transmitted along the axon by hyperpolarization of axonal membrane. (C) Many of the receptors of neurotransmitters are ligand-gated ion channels. (D) All neurotransmitters are excitatory when they bind to their receptors.

45. Which of the following statements concerning nerve system is correct? (A) In humans, nerve system is anatomically divided into central nerve system and peripheral nerve system. (B) In humans, memory function is attributed to cerebellum. (C) Lower animals such as flatworm do not have nerve cells. (D) Parkinson's disease is a motor disorder caused by death of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.

46. Which of the following statements concerning striated muscle is correct? (A) Striation in the muscle fiber is formed by regularly aligned microtubules and thin filaments. (B) Contraction of striated muscle is independent of calcium ions. (C) Myosin heads use energy stored in ATP to propel microtubules. (D) Calcium binding to troponin complex shifts the position of tropomyosin on the thin filaments.

47. Males of the side-blotched lizard of California can have orange, blue, or tallow throats. Each throat color is associated with a different pattern of behavior. Orange-throat males are the most aggressive and defend large territories that contain many females. Blue-throat males are also territorial but defend smaller territories and fewer females. Yellow-throats are non-territorial males that mimic females and use "sneaky" tactics to gain the chance to mate. Within a population, the fraction of males belonging to each genetically determined type varies over time. In one study population, the most frequent throat coloration changed over a period of several years from blue to orange to yellow and back to blue. Which of the following is not related to the above observation? (A) Sexual selection (B) Frequency-dependent selection (C) A chance event (D) Game theory

48. A study of red deer in Scotland showed that females that reproduced in a given summer were more likely to die during the next winter than females that did not reproduce. Which of the following can best explain the above observation? (A) Trade-off  (B) Competition for resources (C) Density-dependent population regulation (D) Population dynamics

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